지원사업
학술연구/단체지원/교육 등 연구자 활동을 지속하도록 DBpia가 지원하고 있어요.
커뮤니티
연구자들이 자신의 연구와 전문성을 널리 알리고, 새로운 협력의 기회를 만들 수 있는 네트워킹 공간이에요.
초록· 키워드
오류제보하기
The Yongzheng and Qianlong reigns (especially the first half of Qianlong) are often characterized as a period of "state-activism," which means that the state actively intervened in various social and economic matters of society by mobilizing its bureaucratic personnels and state funding. On the other hand, the rise of "elite activism" in the 19th century is commonly attributed to the outbreak of the Taiping rebellion and the subsequent restoration years in the Tongzhi period. In this line of thinking, the place of intervening years of Jiaqing and Daoguang remains obscure in the scheme of state-elite relationship. This paper aims to fill this gap in understanding the transition from the "state activism" in the 18th century to the "elite activism" in the 19th century by analyzing related data in three primary sources: the Veritable Records of the Qing Dynasty, the routine memorial of the Board of Personnel (like tiben 吏科題本), and the chronological summary of the routine memorial of the Board of Rites (like shishu 禮科史書).
When local elites made monetary contributions for public purposes (leshan haoshi 樂善好施), the Qing government rewarded them with either public commendation (jingbiao 旌表) or evaluation (yixu 議敍). The records of these public commendation or evaluation are found in the above mentioned three sources. Therefore, it is possible for us to construct a long term pattern of the number of elite contribution the amount of which was significant enough to be reported to the central government. Based on the analysis of such a pattern, this paper argues that elite contribution became more frequent in the Jiaqing period than it was in the Qianlong reign, and that this trend was intensified even further in the subsequent Daoguang period. The declining fiscal condition of the Qing state in the early 19th century can be counted as the primary reason that necessitated a greater mobilization of elite resources for public causes. But there was also a growing official awareness that the public enterprises closely supervised by officials were eventually not as efficient as those primarily managed by civilians. It is true that the contribution cases were more numerous in richer provinces in the Lower Yangzi region, but other regions also witnessed the increase of such cases to varying degrees.
As the number of contribution cases increased dramatically, the state was faced with an urgent need to devise a more systematic set of reward regulations. The regulations made in the 7th year of Daoguang served this purpose. These regulations purported not only to facilitate reward process, but also to promote contributions by providing more favorable reward to both commoners and gentry members. The regulations also provided special reward for the managers (dongshi 董事) in public enterprises. It is significant that the state officially recognized and encouraged the roles of gentry managers in public works. We often see the terms "gentry managers" or "managers" in various sources in the 19th century, and this frequent appearance of the terms seems to be linked to the expansion of public works led by gentry managers and also to the state recognition and promotion of manager system in public works.
Jiaqing and Daoguang emperors both actively encouraged elite contribution, and simultaneously encouraged elite-led public works by prohibiting unnecessary intervention by local officials. It is no coincidence that we see the expansion of public institutions funded and managed by people, not by officials, in the 19th century local sources.
It has been mentioned that the number of public works funded and managed by local elite was on the rise from the Jiaqing period. This brings into question the conventional wisdom that traces the rise of elite activism to the mid-19th century Taiping rebellion. Though the rebellion certainly served as a momentum to boost elite activism, it was not the beginning point of such activism. In fact, the 19th century elite activism had earlier roots in the Jiaqing and Daoguang period,
When local elites made monetary contributions for public purposes (leshan haoshi 樂善好施), the Qing government rewarded them with either public commendation (jingbiao 旌表) or evaluation (yixu 議敍). The records of these public commendation or evaluation are found in the above mentioned three sources. Therefore, it is possible for us to construct a long term pattern of the number of elite contribution the amount of which was significant enough to be reported to the central government. Based on the analysis of such a pattern, this paper argues that elite contribution became more frequent in the Jiaqing period than it was in the Qianlong reign, and that this trend was intensified even further in the subsequent Daoguang period. The declining fiscal condition of the Qing state in the early 19th century can be counted as the primary reason that necessitated a greater mobilization of elite resources for public causes. But there was also a growing official awareness that the public enterprises closely supervised by officials were eventually not as efficient as those primarily managed by civilians. It is true that the contribution cases were more numerous in richer provinces in the Lower Yangzi region, but other regions also witnessed the increase of such cases to varying degrees.
As the number of contribution cases increased dramatically, the state was faced with an urgent need to devise a more systematic set of reward regulations. The regulations made in the 7th year of Daoguang served this purpose. These regulations purported not only to facilitate reward process, but also to promote contributions by providing more favorable reward to both commoners and gentry members. The regulations also provided special reward for the managers (dongshi 董事) in public enterprises. It is significant that the state officially recognized and encouraged the roles of gentry managers in public works. We often see the terms "gentry managers" or "managers" in various sources in the 19th century, and this frequent appearance of the terms seems to be linked to the expansion of public works led by gentry managers and also to the state recognition and promotion of manager system in public works.
Jiaqing and Daoguang emperors both actively encouraged elite contribution, and simultaneously encouraged elite-led public works by prohibiting unnecessary intervention by local officials. It is no coincidence that we see the expansion of public institutions funded and managed by people, not by officials, in the 19th century local sources.
It has been mentioned that the number of public works funded and managed by local elite was on the rise from the Jiaqing period. This brings into question the conventional wisdom that traces the rise of elite activism to the mid-19th century Taiping rebellion. Though the rebellion certainly served as a momentum to boost elite activism, it was not the beginning point of such activism. In fact, the 19th century elite activism had earlier roots in the Jiaqing and Daoguang period,
목차
서론
Ⅰ. 嘉慶, 道光年間 ‘樂善好施’ 旌表, 議?事例의 數와 지역적 분포
Ⅱ. 嘉慶, 道光年間 ‘樂善好施’ ?勵制度의 變化
Ⅲ. 嘉慶, 道光帝의 ‘樂善好施’ 행위 인식과 ?勵
결론
참고문헌 (0)
참고문헌 신청함께 읽어보면 좋을 논문
논문 유사도에 따라 DBpia 가 추천하는 논문입니다. 함께 보면 좋을 연관 논문을 확인해보세요!
-
The Traditional Elite
Korea Journal
1977 .05
-
Analysis of the Structure of the Korean Political Elite
Korea Journal
1997 .12
-
New Perspectives on Student Elites and Power
Korea Journal
1971 .06
-
중국 지식엘리트의 충원문화와 메커니즘
아시아문화연구
2011 .03
-
엘리트에 대한 새로운 관심과 그 한계 : 미국 역사학계의 최근 동향
역사학보
2009 .12
-
Political Perception of Bureaucratic Elite in Korea
Korea Journal
1973 .10
-
18세기~19세기 전반기의 청과 조선 - 비교사적 시야로부터의 접근 -
역사와현실
2020 .09
-
Leadership and Opposition Role Perception among party Elites
Korea Journal
1973 .09
-
15, 16세기 士族層의 고향 인식과 거주지 선택 전략 : 慶尙道 善山을 중심으로
역사학보
2008 .06
-
South Korea’s Top Bureaucratic Elites, 1948-1993 : Their Recruitment Patterns and Modal Characteristics
Korea Journal
1994 .09
-
청대 건륭-가경연간 미결 소송 적체 현상과 그 대책
한국학(구 정신문화연구)
2014 .03
-
한국의 권력 엘리트 이동 유형에 관한 연구
성곡논총
1996 .08
-
A Study on the Political Manipulation of Elite Culture : Confucian Culture in Local Level Politics
Korea Journal
1988 .11
-
行政機能의 變動과 Elite의 力動作用에 關한 硏究 : 經濟政策과 關聯 Elite : 1955-1967
성곡논총
1970 .12
-
근현대 당진지방 기독교 엘리트의 민족운동과 사회운동
지방사와 지방문화
2004 .11
-
조선후기 중화론의 이면과 그 유산 —명･청 관련 호칭의 변화를 중심으로—
韓國史學史學報
2009 .01
-
푸틴시대 러시아 권력엘리트의 교체
슬라브학보
2009 .03
-
중국 경제엘리트의 특징과 국가(당)-경제엘리트 관계
아시아문화연구
2011 .03
-
Foreignness as a Means of Elite Distinction in the Three Kingdoms Period on the Korean Peninsula
역사와 세계
2018 .12
이 논문의 저자 정보
이 논문과 함께 이용한 논문
최근 본 자료
댓글(0)
0
UCI(KEPA) : I410-ECN-0101-2009-910-016393346