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The Different Configuration of Male and Female Magicians in Shakespeare's and Other Renaissance Plays and Its Meaning
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셰익스피어와 르네상스 극에 나타난 남녀 마법사의 재현의 차이와 그 의미

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Type
Academic journal
Author
Journal
The Shakespeare Association Of Korea Shakespeare Review Vol.42 No.3 KCI Accredited Journals
Published
2006.9
Pages
421 - 442 (22page)

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The Different Configuration of Male and Female Magicians in Shakespeare's and Other Renaissance Plays and Its Meaning
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If we look into the Renaissance plays which deal with magic or magicians, it is obvious that magic practitioners are presented differently depending on their sex. Although female magicians/witches are shown practicing as wide a variety of magic as male magicians/wizards are, they are usually described negatively while the male magicians are positively. What is it that prompted the Renaissance playwrights to characteristically portray the female magicians in a negative light? Focusing on Robert Greene's Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay, Christopher Marlowe's Dr. Faustus, and Shakespeare's Macbeth and The Tempest, this paper will attempt to clarify the causes that influenced Renaissance playwrights in their negative descriptions of female magicians and its meaning.
Magicians of both sexes in Renaissance plays practice many kinds of magic. First of all, they can often control nature: Prospero in The Tempest, Faustus in Dr. Faustus and the three witches in Macbeth can call forth winds and storms, while the witch Sycorax in The Tempest could control the moon and tide. In addition, these magicians can often call on spirits, Mephistopheles and Hercules as well as being able to control the bodies and minds of human beings, as do the witches in Macbeth, Faustus and Friar Bacon.
Although female magicians are portrayed as neither inferior in their magical abilities nor as practicing only black magic, they are usually described as ugly, shabby and evil old hags while male magicians, such as Prospero, Faustus and Bacon, are usually portrayed in a favorable light as wearing stylish mantles and hats. Also the ugly and disgusting ingredients that the female witches make use of in their spells contrast sharply with mysterious magic wands and antique books that male magicians are often shown as using. Moreover, witches are often portrayed as outcasts while the male magicians are usually described as important members or even rulers of society.
The great differences in the Renaissance playwrights' descriptions of male and female magicians can be understood as a reflection of the political and social atmosphere of the period. Ruled and supported by James I, who was known to be strongly antagonistic against witches, the Renaissance playwrights, especially Shakespeare when he penned the witches in Macbeth and The Tempest, followed their liege's attitude toward witches.
The long history of witch hunts in Europe may also have influenced the Renaissance playwrights; there was a strong and lunatic antagonism against female practitioners of magic in 16th and 17th century England. This probably came about due to the long-established male view of aggressive and independent women, such as witches, as the evil forces to be eliminated. As members of male dominated society, the Renaissance playwrights might have been unable to ignore this view of women when they configured the female magician on the stage.
Thus, it is obvious that the Renaissance playwrights just followed their ruler's and their contemporaries' patriarchal gender ideology and contributed to it when they described female magicians negatively and male magicians positively. It means that although they might have succeeded to reflect the beliefs of their contemporaries as well as the social atmosphere of the period faithfully, they failed to fulfill one of the most important functions of literature-criticizing social prejudices/evils and distortions of values to lead the society in a desirable direction.
#그린 #말로우 #셰익스피어 #르네상스 #『베이컨 수도사와 번게이 수도사』 #『파우스투스 박사』 #『맥베스』 #『폭풍』 #마법사 #마녀 #Greene #Marlowe #Shakespeare #Renaissance #Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay #Dr. Faustus #Macbeth #The Tempest #magician #witch

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[학술지(정기간행물)] - / / 맥베스에 나타난 마녀의 의미와 역할 40 (4) : 709 ~ 28 google schola [학술지(정기간행물)] - / 2001 / 마녀의 문화사 google schola [학술지(정기간행물)] - / 2006 / 마술: 설명 google schola [학술지(정기간행물)] - / 1999 / 이탈리아 르네상스의 문화 google schola [학술지(정기간행물)] - / 1990 / 풍속의 역사 II 박종만 역 google schola

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