This study is intended to identify the effects of 10 week Pilates mat exercise on body composition and basal physical fitness of female college students. Subjects were selected as female students of K University in Seoul and N University in Cheonan. They were assigned to the control group of nine people and the exercise group of nine people. For the female students who participated in Pilates mat exercises were conducted Pilates mat exercises of three times a week for 10 weeks by 50 minutes. Body composition and physical fitness were pre-and post- measured for exercise group and control group before and after 10 weeks of the Pilates mat exercise .The results are summarized as follows. First, the difference from the effects of Pilates mat exercise on body composition factors was not significant. Second, through the Pilates mat exercises significant difference appeared in the basic strength such as grip strength, back strength, sit-ups, trunk flexion forward, place, reaction, etc. between groups, and significant difference appeared in grip strength and sit-up between periods of the experimental group and the control group. Third, the Pilates mat exercises brought significant difference in the physical measurement, specifically in arm circumference, calf circumference, and hip circumference. Fourth, in the investigation of energy intake for experimental group of Pilates mat exercises the average total caloric intake was appeared to be increased, but the weight and fat mass were shown to be decreased. As a result, the 10 weeks of Pilates mat exercise brought the positive effects on the changes in flexibility, muscle strength, arm circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, and calf circumference of college female students.