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This paper analyzes the features of Hopkins’ labourers, taking especial note of similarities with Ruskin’s thought. Having been a Jesuit, Hopkins understands the terrible situation of the poor in England and is pessimistic in his expectations for their future. However, he idealizes the life and work of the poor in his poems, borrowing several concepts from Ruskin. At first, in “Felix Randal”, Hopkins makes Felix the smith a happy and proud worker at his forge. The concept of the happy worker is an idea of Ruskin’s, and very unique for its time in its suggestion that work could be a source of pleasure and that a worker might feel a sense of self-achievement through his creative endeavor. In “Tom’s Garland,” Tom and Dick, day-labourers at a construction site, cooperate and develop healthy bonds with each other like Ruskin’s workers. Tom’ steel garland is quite similar with Ruskin’s idea of ‘The Work of Iron’ and Tom’s easy mind and careless behavior is closely related to Ruskin’s conceptions of “Savageness or Rudeness.” Like Ruskin, Hopkins expresses strong objection to all violent activities by malignant people or the unemployed. So, “Harry Ploughman” celebrates the statically agricultural society in which everyone helps everyone else and all are truly obedient to legitimate authority. Therefore, a plough is embossed as the symbol of the peasant’s simple yet hard work, obedience to God, and self-sacrificing efforts for Commonwealth, just as in Ruskin.
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참고문헌 (26)
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Anthony, P. D. / 1983 / John Ruskin’s Labour : A Study of Social Theory / Cambridge UP
Ashworth, W. / 1966 / The Late Victorian Economy / Economic New Series 33 (129) : 17 ~ 33
Breton, Rob / 2010 / The Stones of Happiness: Ruskin and Working-Class Culture / Journal of Victorian Culture 10 (2) : 210 ~ 228
Bristow, Joseph / 1992 / “Churlsgrace”: Gerard Manley Hopkins and the Working-Class Male Body / ELH 59 (3) : 693 ~ 711
Craig, David M. / 2006 / John Ruskin and the Ethics of Consumption / U of Virginia P
Ashworth, W. / 1966 / The Late Victorian Economy / Economic New Series 33 (129) : 17 ~ 33
Breton, Rob / 2010 / The Stones of Happiness: Ruskin and Working-Class Culture / Journal of Victorian Culture 10 (2) : 210 ~ 228
Bristow, Joseph / 1992 / “Churlsgrace”: Gerard Manley Hopkins and the Working-Class Male Body / ELH 59 (3) : 693 ~ 711
Craig, David M. / 2006 / John Ruskin and the Ethics of Consumption / U of Virginia P
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