日本近代轉換期女性たちのネットワーク形成と階層化 -福澤家を事例に

西澤直子

추천

검색

자료유형: 학술저널

저자정보: 西澤直子

저널정보: 한국여성사학회 여성과역사 여성과역사 제19호

발행연도: 2013.1

수록면: 173 - 195 (23page)

이용수

📌

연구주제

📖

연구배경

🔬

연구방법

🏆

연구결과

초록· 키워드

오류제보하기

󰡔学問のすすめ󰡕や󰡔文明論之概略󰡕によって有名な福澤諭吉は、若いころから一夫一婦や男女の平等を主張し、女性にも｢交際之道｣を開きたいと考えていた。それは、日本を｢男女共有寄合之国｣と考える福澤にとって、男性とともに社会を担うためのネットワークの形成を意味した。明治改元以後、福澤が掲げた目標は、人々の｢一身独立｣であり、個人の確立こそが｢一国独立｣の基礎を成すと考えた。そして｢一身独立｣した個人を国家へと繋ぐものは、｢人間交際｣であり、近代社会は人間交際によって形成されると主張した。明治13(1880)年1月彼は、地方の活性化も目論んだ新たな情報ネットワークとなる交詢社を設立するが、女性は会員にはなれなかった。すでに｢中津留別之書｣(1871)や󰡔学問のすすめ󰡕第8編(1874)で男女の平等を説いた福澤であったが、同組織には現在に至るまで女性会員は存在しない。しかし福澤は、女性が人間交際の場から排除されてもいいと考えていたわけではなかった。｢男女交際論｣では、女性を人間交際から擯斥し｢有れども無きが如きの地位に陥らしめた｣のは、日本の｢一大不幸｣であると述べている。そして明治18(1885)年頃から福澤家では、女性を主客とする集会が行われるようになった。集会にはさまざまな種類があり、なかでも茶話会は人と人との交際の推進を目的とし、案内状には来賓たちの談話の媒介になることが主人の本意であると書かれている。しかし、福澤の妻や娘たちに関する資料からみれば、彼女たちの交際はほとんど縁戚関係の域を出ない。福澤家の集会は、表面上は女性も主体性をもった交際に見え、ネットワークの広がりを感じさせるが、しかし残存する園遊会や茶話会の招待者名簿から窺い知れるのは、集まっていた女性たちがその夫や父親を通じて、彼らに帰属する存在として福澤に把握されて招待されたことである。彼が作り得たのは女性個人ではなく、家族のネットワークであった。家族を単位とするネットワークになってしまえば、結果としてその交際は、新たな階層性を生む。福澤は競争原理を説くが、階層化されていく環境のなかではあまり意味をもたなかった。

Fukuzawa Yukichi is best known as a leading figure in the early Meiji debate about Japan’s future path, a member of the Meirokusha and author of works such as 󰡔学問のすすめ󰡕 An Encouragement of Learning. As part of his general emphasis on individual independence and self-respect, he consistently criticized the double standard according to which only married women were expected to be faithful, and supported the idea of male-female equality. In Fukuzawa’s opinion, it was ｢人間交際(jinkan kosai)｣(human relations) that formed the basis of modern societies. Since he defined Japan as ｢男女共有寄合之国｣(a country in which men and women were gathered together), he therefore wished to make ｢交際之道｣(the way of social relations) open to women as well as men. He argued that a strong nation could only be formed when independent individuals came together through human relations. Thus, he recognized the great importance of social networks. Fukuzawa declared his support for male and female equality as early as 1871 (in ｢中津留別之書｣(A Farewell to Nakatsu)). Even so, 交詢社(the Kojunsha), a new information network that he helped to form in January 1880, did not allow women to become members. Paradoxically, the main reason for this was probably that it was modeled on British and American gentlemen’s clubs. In 󰡔男女交際論󰡕(On Relations between Men and Women, 1886) he emphasized that women should not be excluded from human relations. The fact that this had occurred in Tokugawa Japan had led to “most tragic consequences ｢一大不幸｣for Japan”. From around 1885, the Fukuzawa residence became the site for a range of social events. The object was to give women opportunities to play the main role in activities that would further human relations. In an invitation to a tea party, for example Fukuzawa wrote that his true intention was to provide a setting for conversations among the guests. His motives become clearer when one considers that 1885 was around the time that members of the elite were pursuing their own form of social relations in parties at the Rokumeikan and elsewhere, as part of the search for “civilization and enlightenment”. When his wife and daughters were invited to join貴婦人法話会(The Noble Ladies’ Association for Lectures on Buddhism), he replied that they would not participate if the use of “noble” was designed to establish a pecking order in society. Fukuzawa aimed for new types of networks that would allow the free exchange of all types of information and strongly criticized the type of meeting where men drank together while being entertained by geisha(Jiji shinpo, 1886). However, the material that we have so far gathered regarding his female relatives suggests that their social relations were limited to the family circle. The only exceptions are his fourth daughter, Shidachi Taki, and his sister-inlaw, Imaizumi To. The tea parties and other gatherings at the Fukuzawa residence suggest the growth of networks involving women. However, surviving guest lists reveal that the participants are identified as “The wife of…,” “The mother of…” and so on. In other words, they were only invited because they were the wives, mothers, and daughters of men belonging to Fukuzawa’s networks, for example his former students. It is not clear how far the Fukuzawa family is typical of its time, but it is likely to have been difficult for women to form their own networks for the exchange of information. Rather, their participation was limited to family-based networks.

참고문헌 (5)

참고문헌 신청

/ 1969 / 福澤諭吉全集 / 岩波書店

/ 1983 / 交詢社百年史 / 交詢社

/ 2001 / 福澤諭吉書簡集 / 岩波書店

/ 2002 / 福澤諭吉著作集 / 慶應義塾大?出版?

/ 2010 / 福澤諭吉事典 / 慶應義塾

이 논문의 저자 정보

西澤直子

소속기관 한국여성사학회

주요연구분야 인문학 > 역사학

논문수 2 이용수 2

최근 본 자료

전체보기

구분	그룹	데이터 항목
AI 학습용 데이터	원문	원문 PDF 파일
AI 학습용 데이터	원문 + 메타 (기본/상세)	원문 PDF 파일 및 서지정보 CSV
대량 구매용 데이터	B2B 구독 방식	특정 자료 한정으로 원문 접근 권한 부여
대량 구매용 데이터	URL 전달 방식	바로 PDF 뷰어를 열람할 수 있는 URL 제공

구분	그룹	데이터 항목
AI 학습용 데이터	기본 메타	발행기관명, 간행물명, 권호명, 권(vol), 호(issue), 통권, 발행연도, 발행월, 논문명, 저자명, 시작페이지, 종료페이지, 전체페이지, 상세페이지URL
상세 메타 데이터	발행기관 메타	발행기관 이명, 영문명, 창립연도, 홈페이지URL, 발행기관 소개
	간행물 메타	부제목, 간행물 유형, ISSN, ISBN, 최초발행연도, 폐간연도, 간행빈도, 발행주기, 등재사항, 이용수, 피인용수, 권호수, 논문수, 표지이미지
	논문 메타	작성 언어, 부제목, 대등제목, 목차, 키워드, 초록, 이미지, 참고문헌, 이용수, 피인용수, 논문활용도, DBpia통합주제분류, KDC분류, DDC분류, 한국연구재단분류, UCI, DOI
	저자 메타	소속기관, 소속부서, 직급, 연구분야, 연구키워드, 이용수, 피인용수, 저자 논문활용도

구분	그룹	데이터 항목
※ 결합형/맞춤형 메타 데이터는 신청 내용에 따라 다양하게 제공 가능
이용순위 정보	주제분야별 많이 이용된 논문	“인문학”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100
	이용기관별 많이 이용된 논문	“중고등학교”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100
	세부기관별 많이 이용된 논문	“서울대학교”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100
	키워드별 많이 이용된 논문	“Chat GPT”에서 많이 이용된 논문 TOP100
키워드 정보	많이 이용된 키워드	특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 이용된 키워드
	많이 발행된 키워드	특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 발행된 키워드
	많이 검색된 키워드	특정기간/분야/저널 내 많이 검색된 키워드
	연구 트렌드 키워드	특정 키워드 연관 연구동향 분석 데이터 키워드

논문 기본 정보

초록· 키워드

AI 요약

연구주제

연구배경

연구방법

연구결과

주요내용

목차

참고문헌 (5)

이 논문의 저자 정보

최근 본 자료

댓글(0)