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This essay examines the ways in which Korean Americans fought back against being mistaken for “Dirty Japs,” as Japanese Americans were derogatorily called, on the homefront during World War II. Not unlike what happened to Muslims and the people of Arab descent after 9-11, Korean immigrants and Americans in Hawai‘i and the continental United States were often mistaken for Japanese after the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor and faced psychological, verbal, and physical abuses. Furthermore, because Japan had colonized Korea since 1910 and, thus, Korea did not exist as an independent nation when the United States declared war on Japan, Koreans on the homefront were legally classified as “enemy aliens” along with Japanese immigrants on the homefront. In examining Korean Americans’ responses to their strange predicament of being lumped together with the Japanese, whom they despised for colonizing their motherland, and also to their being targets of racism by the larger public, I argue that the U.S. construction of all Asians as “Orientals,” who were historically viewed as inferior to whites, limited Koreans’ efforts to officially gain a friendly alien status and contributed to their being implicated in the racism that was directed at the Japanese enemy and the people of Japanese ancestry in the United States. Thus, by vocally protesting and insisting that they are Koreans, Korean Americans resisted what I call the Orientalization of the enemy―the process by which Japanese-looking Asian Americans were assumed to be and subsumed under the category of the exotic Oriental foe―during World War II.
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