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The contribution of tensioned concrete between cracks (tension-stiffening) cannot be ignoredwhen analysing deformation of reinforced concrete elements. The tension-stiffening effect is crucial when itcomes to adequately estimating the load-deformation response of steel reinforced concrete and the morerecently appeared fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforced concrete. This paper presents a unifiedmethodology for numerical modelling of the tension-stiffening effect in steel as well as FRP reinforcedflexural members using the concept of equivalent deformation modulus and the smeared crack approach toobtain a modified stress-strain relation of the reinforcement. A closed-form solution for the equivalent secantmodulus of deformation of the tensioned reinforcement is proposed for rectangular sections taking theEurocode 2 curvature prediction technique as the reference. Using equations based on general principles ofstructural mechanics, the main influencing parameters are obtained. It is found that the ratio between theequivalent stiffness and the initial stiffness basically depends on the product of the modular ratio andreinforcement ratio (nρ), the effective-to-total depth ratio (d/h), and the level of loading. The proposedmethodology is adequate for numerical modelling of tension-stiffening for different FRP and steelreinforcement, under both service and ultimate conditions. Comparison of the predicted and experimentaldata obtained by the authors indicates that the proposed methodology is capable to adequately model thetension-stiffening effect in beams reinforced with FRP or steel bars within wide range of loading.

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