가치관련성에 대한 기존연구는 주로 효율적 시장가설을 전제로 주가와 회계수치간의 동시적 연관관계를 이용하여 재무제표의 구성요소가 기업가치에 미치는 효과를 정보적 관점에서 분석해왔다. 그러나 최근 효율적 시장가설에 대한 이례적 현상들이 다수 발견됨에 따라 본 연구는 가치측정의 관점에서 회계정보의 가치관련성을 측정하고 그 결정요인을 분석하는데 초점을 맞추었다. 분석을 위해 2005년부터 2009년까지 유가증권시장에 상장된 기업을 대상으로 비회계정보를 제외한 Ohlson(1995)의 단순모형을 산업에 따라 횡단면적으로 적용하여 구한 예측가치와 주가 간의 괴리율을 이용하여 가치관련성의 상대적 강도를 측정하였다. 그리고 기업특성, 투자자유형별 지분율, 공시의 질, 산업유형 등 다양한 요인에 따라 가치관련성의 강도에 차이가 발생하는지를 회귀분석을 통해 분석하였다.
본 연구의 분석결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 수익성ㆍ위험ㆍ기업규모ㆍ시장동조성 등이 클수록 투자자들이 회계정보를 주가에 반영하는 비율이 증가하였고, 유동성ㆍ성장성이 클수록 회계정보의 가치관련성은 감소하였다. 둘째, 투자자유형별 지분율과 가치관련성간의 관계를 확인해본 결과 기관투자자와 외국인투자자 지분율은 가치관련성과 통계적으로 유의한 관계를 보이지 않았다. 반면에 소액투자자 지분율이 높을수록 가치관련성이 하락하였고 이는 분석적이지 못한 투자자가 많을수록 회계정보의 가치반영 정도가 낮음을 의미한다. 셋째, 재량적발생액의 절댓값이 작을수록 회계정보의 가치관련성은 증가하여 공시의 질이 높을수록 투자자들은 회계정보를 주가에 반영하는 비중을 증가시켰다. 넷째, 산업유형에 따라 가치관련성의 차이를 비교한 결과 비첨단제조업에서는 가치관련성이 높은 반면, 서비스산업에서는 가치관련성이 상대적으로 낮았다. 이러한 결과는 투자자들이 회계정보에 기록되지 않은 무형자산의 비중이 큰 산업일수록 회계정보를 주가에 반영하는 비율을 감소시킴을 의미한다.
본 연구는 회계정보의 가치관련성에 대한 결정요인을 가치측정의 관점에서 분석했다는 측면과 시장참여자들이 회계정보를 주가에 반영하는 크기가 다양한 요인에 따라 결정될 수 있음을 실증하였다는 점에서 공헌도가 있다.
This paper examines whether investors interpret value-related accounting information differently when assessing stock prices. The value relevance of accounting information has been considered an important area of accounting research since the introduction of capital market based accounting research by Ball and Brown (1968). Value relevance studies examine the usefulness of accounting information by considering the contemporaneous relationship between accounting information and the stock price. More specifically, these studies examine the usefulness of main items of financial statements by examining the size of R^2 and the importance of regression coefficients from the information perspective (Barth et al. 1998; Collins et al. 1999; Francis and Schipper 1999). However, these studies typically assume market efficiency, firm characteristics and surrounding factors are assumed as independent when evaluating stock prices because these factors reflect idiosyncratic risks. Recently, inconsistent with the efficient market hypothesis (EMH), there have been frequent reports of market anomalies, and thus, there has been a need for examining the value relevance from the measurement perspective. If a market is not efficient, then there exist information asymmetry and different levels of rationality among investors, which in turn can lead to different results for the same piece of information(Black 1986; Merton 1987).
For these reasons, this study analyzed relative usefulness of the accounting information through the relationship of between the value relevance of accounting information and various determinants(firm characteristics, ownership structure by the investor types and disclosure quality) from the measurement perspective without assumption of the efficient market. we calculated the quantitative measures(ACCRSQ) to evaluate the strength of the contemporaneous relationship between accounting information and stock prices by following the methodology of Frankel et al(2006). then We analyzed whether the value relevance of accounting information(ACCRSQ) would vary according to various determinants(firm characteristics, ownership structure by the investor types, disclosure quality). Additionally, total sample is divided into three types of industries-Low tech manufacturing, High tech manufacturing, Service industry- according to the influence of intangible asset, and differences between them on degree and determinants of value relevance are analysed.
We analyzed the determinants to affect at the extent to which stock prices was reflected accounting information for 2,861 firm-year sample listed on Korean stock for the 2005-2009 period. In addition, for comparing the effects of the financial crisis on the value relevance of accounting information, we divided these firms into 1,643 pre-crisis (2005-2007) firms and 1,167 post-crisis (2008-2009) firms. we ran the fixed effects regression by including year dummies and the separate regression to control for heteroskedasticity by year. Specially, the separate regression model was interpret the results with the average coefficient for each year and Statistical Significance was verified by using Newey-West’s(1987) Adjusted statistics (Fama and Macbeth 1973; Barth et al. 2001; Frankel et al. 2006).
The results of the study are summarized as follows. Firstly, on the analysis of the degree that firm characteristic factors affect the value relevance, when profitability, risk, firm size, and market synchronicity increase, the degree of that accounting information is reflected in stock price increase. On the other hand, the liquidity and growth possibility is higher, the value relevance of accounting information is lower. These show that investors decide differently the degree of accounting information reflected in stock price according to the firm characteristics because they interpret the relative importance between accounting information and non-accounting information differently by firm characteristics. Secondly, in the analysis of the relationship between the ownership structure by investor types and ACCRSQ, the ownership of institutional and foreign investors does not show the meaningful relationship with ACCRSQ, on the other hand, the ownership of small investors shows the negative relationship with ACCRSQ. This means that the trading of small investors increase, the value relevance of accounting information decease, because they could not use accounting information in an analytical manner.
Thirdly, on the result of that the quality of disclosure and information asymmetry have an effect on value relevance, ACCRSQ shows a positive relationship with the absolute value of discretionary accruals. This can be interpreted that investors tend to increase the weight of that accounting information of the firm with less adverse selection costs is reflected in stock price.
Finally, this study also analyse whether the value relevance of accounting information is different by industry type. In service industry, in which the value of intangible assets is not sufficiently reflected in accounting information, the value relevance of accounting information is lower than that of other industries, and determinants of the value relevance fluctuate considerably by the market condition of bull and bear markets. On the other hand, for the Low-tech manufacturing industry with less value of intangible asset, the value relevance of accounting information is the most high. In addition, the fluctuation of determinants of the value relevance is lowest in High-tech manufacturing industry. These show that the weight of intangible asset, not recognized in financial statement, is higher, the value relevance of accounting firm could be lower.