이 글은 마을 중심사회에서 국가 중심사회로의 이행과정을 실증적으로 보여주고 있는 단편적 연구에 지나지 않는다. 제주도 전통사회는 마을 중심의 사회였다. 하나의 마을 조직은 마을마다 마을 사람들의 뜻에 따라 선임된 존위(尊位), 경민장(警民長)과 하인(下人), 감관(監官)과 ‘지킴이’로 구성되어 있었다.
1906년 설치된 통감부와 1910년 설치된 조선총독부라는 일제강점기 정부가 들어서며 도두리를 비롯한 제주도 사회는 국가 중심주의 사회로 급속도로 강제 이행되었다. 조선총독부는 제주도 사람들이 조직하였던 존위, 경민장, 감관을 해직시키고, 경민장 자리에 구장, 감관 자리에 ‘순사(巡査)’를 배치하였다. 도두리 어장에 밀려온 ‘영장’은 ‘순사’가 주도적으로 처리하였다. 이때부터 도두리 어장은 철저하게 국가 소유의 것이 되고 말았다. 석방렴(石防簾), 목막이그물, 후릿그물 등은 조선총독부의 면허를 받아야 어로 활동이 가능하였다.
한반도에 조선총독부 정부가 들어서기 이전, 도두리에는 존위, 경민장, 감관이 있었고, 7개 자연마을마다 한 사람의 동장이 있었다. 이때 도두리 어장은 완전한 마을 공동소유였다. 공동소유 어장에 밀려온 ‘영장’도 마을 사람들이 공동으로 처리하였다. 공동 채취, 분배가 어려운 거름 해조류인 ‘듬북’, 공동 어획 분배가 불가능한 ‘자리그물’과 ‘목막이그물’인 경우는 마을 사람 대상으로 경매 입찰하였고, 그 수입금은 마을 살림 밑천으로 삼았다.
This article is a fragment of a study that empirically illustrates the transition process from a village-centered society to a state-centered society. Jeju Island's traditional society was a village-centered society. One village unit consisted of Jonwi(尊位), Gyeongminjang(警民 長), Hain(下人 ), Gamgwan(監官), and Jikimi, who were appointed according to the will of the villagers.
With the establishment of Japanese colonial government in Korea, the Japanese Resident- General of Korea(통감부, tong gam bu), established in 1906 and the Governor-General of Joseon, established in 1910, Doduri and other Jeju Island societies were rapidly forced into a state-centered society. The Japanese Government-General of Korea dismissed Jonwi, Gyeongminjang, and Gamgwan, which were organized by the people of Jeju Island, and placed soonsa(巡査, police officer) for Gyeongminjang and Gamgwan. The village tradition and duty of collecting and burying bodies of the dead (i.e. from the harsh sea conditions) from the Doduri fisheries was delegated to the police as an administrative duty. The transfer of the power of overseeing the dead in the village symbolically marked the beginning of the complete transfer of the ownership of the Doduri fisheries as state properties. The use of special tools or techniques for fishing such as seokbangleum(ston net), block net, and sweep net were permitted only with a license of the Japanese Government-General of Korea.
Before establishing the Japanese Government-General of Korea, Doduri also consisted of Jonwi, Gyeongminjang, and Gamgwan, and one village head in each of the seven natural villages. At that time, all Doduri fisheries were collectively owned by the village as communal properties.
Bodies of the dead that drifted into the village-owned fisheries were collected and buried by the people of the village as a communal duty and ritual. For sea creatures that were difficult to collect and distribute collectively and fairly such as dumbuk, a manure seaweed, or harvests from particular fishing practices that were not conducive for collective activity, such as damselfish net and block net, the role of fishing was delegated to select members of the village via public bidding, and the income generated was used to support the livelihood of the village.