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논문 기본 정보

자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
Kim Seong-Oh (Nanyang Technological University) Kim Joonhui (Nanyang Technological University) Okajima Takaharu (Hokkaido University) Cho Nam-Joon (Nanyang Technological University)
저널정보
나노기술연구협의회 Nano Convergence Nano Convergence Vol.4 No.5
발행연도
2017.3
수록면
1 - 8 (8page)
DOI
10.1186/s40580-017-0099-9

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Background Cell fixation is an essential step to preserve cell samples for a wide range of biological assays involving histochemical and cytochemical analysis. Paraformaldehyde (PFA) has been widely used as a cross-linking fixation agent. It has been empirically recognized in a gold standard protocol that the PFA concentration for cell fixation, C PFA, is 4%. However, it is still not quantitatively clear how the conventional protocol of C PFA is optimized. Methods Here, we investigated the mechanical properties of cell fixation as a function of C PFA by using atomic force microscopy and scanning ion conductance microscopy. The goal of this study is to investigate the effect of C PFA (0?10 wt%) on the morphological and mechanical properties of live and fixed mouse fibroblast cells. Results We found that both Young’s modulus, E, and the fluctuation amplitude of apical cell membrane, a m, were almost constant in a lower C PFA (<10?4%). Interestingly, in an intermediate C PFA between 10?1 and 4%, E dramatically increased whereas a m abruptly decreased, indicating that entire cells begin to fix at C PFA = ca. 10?1%. Moreover, these quantities were unchanged in a higher C PFA (>4%), indicating that the cell fixation is stabilized at C PFA = ca. 4%, which is consistent with the empirical concentration of cell fixation optimized in biological protocols. Conclusions Taken together, these findings offer a deeper understanding of how varying PFA concentrations influence the mechanical properties of cells and suggest new avenues for establishing refined cell fixation protocols.

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