북한 동아기독교의 항일운동에 관한 재평가 - 1910-1945년 조선총독부 종교관련 문서를 중심으로2024년은 동아기독교(침례교 전신) 신사참배 거부 기념 80주년이 되는 축복의 해이다. 신사참배를 끝까지 거부했던 동아기독교는 1944년 5월 10일 일제에 의해 강제적으로 교단 해체령을 당했다. 이날은 오히려 원산총부가 조선총독부와의 영적전투에서 승리한 날이었다. 그런데 아이러니한 점은 지금까지 동아기독교의 항일운동을 찾아볼 수 없다는 견해가 지배적이었다. 이것은 교단 폐쇄령을 당하면서 동아기독교가 소장했던 원산신약성경, 복음찬미, 달편지 등 교단의 중요 서류가 모두 소각되었기 때문에 동아기독교의 항일운동을 심도 있게 연구할 수 있는 자료가 부족했던 것에서 한 원인을 찾아볼 수 있다. 원산시사편찬위원회가 출간한 元山市史(원산시사)를 보면 “元山 榮町(영정)에 本部를 둔 東亞基督敎會는 浸禮敎로서 일찍이 英國人[캐나다인] 宣敎師가 來韓하여 宣敎事業에 힘써 오던 중...宣敎와 더불어 排日愛國思想(배일애국사상)을 傳播하였을 뿐 아니라 全國的이요 멀리 滿洲에까지 反日鬪爭(반일투쟁)의 組織 밑에 活躍(활약)한 것이 發覺(발각)되어서 數多한 投獄者(투옥자)를 내는 犧牲을 當하였다”라고 밝혔다. 이처럼 동아기독교는 항일운동에 적극적이었다. 다만 본고에서는 동아기독교(북한, 남한, 재만, 재러 동아기독교) 중에서 원산총부가 있던 북한 동아기독교를 집중적으로 다루었다. 북한 동아기독교에는 원산총부가 있었고 감목(총회장)이 상주하며 동아기독교 전체를 관리, 운영했다. 따라서 1910년부터 1945년 해방 때까지 원산총부의 감목이었던 1대 펜윅, 2대 이종덕, 3대 전치규, 4대 김영관, 5대 이종근이 내선일체(內鮮一體), 황민화정책(皇民化政策)으로 포장된 일제의 종교정책, 학교정책, 기독교정책에 맞서서 어떻게 저항했는지 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 북한 동아기독교의 항일운동 재평가에 기여한 달편지, 포교관리자 설치계, 조선 중대 사상사건 경과표, 예심청구서를 찾아내어 번역함으로 북한 동아기독교의 항일운동을 재평가하였다. 조선총독부 종교관련 자료에 나타난 북한 동아기독교는 일제의 국체사상(國體思想)에 맞서서 3단계 과정으로 항일운동을 진화, 발전시켰다: ① 거부단계, ② 수난단계, ③ 순교단계. 북한 동아기독교는 신앙의 자유, 국교분리의 원칙에 따라 비폭력적, 평화적, 신앙적 항일운동을 전개하며 교회의 정체성 유지에 큰 기여를 했다. 이처럼 복음의 순수성을 지키기 위해 끝까지 항거했던 북한 동아기독교의 고귀한 항일운동 정신을 한국교회가 계승, 발전시켰으면 한다.
A Reappraisal of the Anti-Japanese Movement of North Korea Dong-A Christian Church : Focusing on religious-related documents from the Japanese Government-General of Korea from 1910 to 1945 2024 is a year of blessings as it marks the 80th anniversary of the refusal of Dong-A Christian Church(predecessor of the Baptist Church) to visit shrines. The Dong-A Christian Church, which had refused to visit the shrine until the end, was forcibly disbanded by the Japanese on May 10, 1944. However, this day was the day when the Wonsan General Office won the spiritual battle against the Japanese Government-General of Korea. The irony is that until now, the prevailing view was that there was no anti-Japanese movement of Dong-A Christian Church. This is due to the lack of materials for in-depth research on the anti-Japanese movement of Dong-A Christian Church, as all important documents of the denomination, such as the Wonsan New Testament, Gospel hymns, and Dalpyeonji(Monthly Letter), belonging to Dong-A Christian Church were incinerated when the denomination was ordered closed. According to Wonsan Current Affairs published by the Wonsan Current History Compilation Committee, “Dong-A Christian Church, headquartered in Yeongjeong, Wonsan, was a Baptist church that had been working hard on missionary work since a British [Canadian] missionary came to Korea...It stated that he not only spread anti-Japanese patriotic ideology along with missionary work, but was also discovered to have been active under an anti-Japanese struggle organization throughout the country and as far away as Manchuria, and suffered the sacrifice of having numerous people imprisoned.” In this way, Dong-A Christian Church was active in the anti-Japanese movement. However, this paper focused on the North Korea Dong-A Christian Church, where the Wonsan Headquarters was located, among the Dong-A Christian Church(North Korea, South Korea, Manchuria, and Russia). North Korea Dong-A Christian Church had a headquarters in Wonsan, and a Gammok (Chairman of General Assembly) resided there, and operated the entire Dong-A Christian Church. Accordingly, this paper examined how the 1st Fenwick, the 2nd Lee Jong-deok, the 3rd Jeon Chi-gyu, the 4th Kim Young-gwan, and the 5th Lee Jong-geun, who were the superintendents of the Wonsan Headquarters from 1910 to liberation in 1945, resisted the Japanese religious, school, and Christian policies, which was packaged as the Naeseon Ilche or ‘Korea and Japan are One’policy and the Japanization. For this purpose, this article reevaluated the anti-Japanese movement of North Korea Dong-A Christian Church by finding and translating Dalpyeonji(Monthly Letter), Missionary Manager Installation Department, Joseon Serious Casualty Incident Progress Table, and the Pre-trial Request, which contributed to the reevaluation of the anti-Japanese movement of North Korea Dong-A Christian Church. North Korea Dong-A Christian Church, as shown in the religious-related materials of the Japanese Government-General of Korea, evolved and developed the anti-Japanese movement in a three-state process against the Japanese nationalist ideology: ① the rejection stage, ② the suffering stage, and ③ the martyrdom stage. North Korea Dong-A Christian Church contributed greatly to maintaining the church's identity by conducting a non-violent, peaceful, and religious anti-Japane se movement based on the principles of freedom of religion and separation of state and church. In this way, the writer hopes that the Korean church will inherit and develop the noble spirit of the anti-Japanese movement of North Korea Dong-A Christian Church, which resisted to the end to protect the purity of the gospel.