고구려 고분의 일반적인 구분은 외형에 따라 전기는 적석총, 후기는 석실봉토묘로 구분된다. 그러나 내부구조 변화에 따른 매장방식의 차이로 구분할 경우, 전기의 묘제인 적석총은 수혈식적석총과 횡혈식적석총, 후기의 묘제는 횡혈식석실묘로 구분할 수 있다. 이 중 묘제 특성상 고분의 내부로 출입하기 용이하여 매장 관념이 비교적 잘 드러나는 횡혈식석실묘의 내부구조는 학술적 가치가 크다고 할 수 있으나 현재 그러한 사례는 거의 없다. 본고는 고구려 횡혈식석실묘의 속성 중 하나인 관대를 통해 지역성과 위계를 살펴보는데 목적이 있다. 관대는 내부의 여러 구조들 중에서 피장자와 가장 가깝고 긴밀한 관계를 가지기 때문에 관대 자체의 속성을 추출 한 다음 현실 구조와의 상관관계를 검토하여 지역성과 위계를 분석하였다. 관대의 속성으로는 재질·개수·위치가 추출되었으며, 관대 속성들의 분석결과 몇 가지의 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 관대의 규모를 통해 1인의 점유면적 및 지역적 양상을 검토하여 1인용과 2인용 관대의 기준 너비를 파악하였고, 지역별로 관대 규모의 차이를 확인하였다. 둘째, 관대 높이와 재질을 검토한 결과 크게 3그룹으로 나뉘는데 비슷한 재질들끼리 그룹이 형성되었으며, 그룹별로 높이 차이가 있음이 확인되었다. 관대 재질과 1·2인용의 지역성을 살펴보면 관대 재질별로 제작되는 관대의 규모가 다르며, 2B·2C형일 때 2인용을 제작하는 빈도가 높았다. 또한 지역별로 시설되는 관대의 형식이 다르다는 것도 확인하였다. 셋째, 관대의 개수와 지역성을 검토하였을 때, 지방보다 중앙에서 관대 개수의 비율이 높았으며, 관대 위치에 따른 규모 차이를 검토한 결과 최상위 위계일수록 좌·우측 관대 규모 차이가 생겼으며 좌측 관대가 커지는 경향성이 확인되었다. 다음으로 현실 구조와의 상관관계를 분석한 결과 첫째, 현실 규모가 대형이면서 방형일 때와 소형이면서 장방형일 때 관대의 형식이 비교적 분명하게 분류되는 것을 확인하였다. 둘째, 관대와 연도의 관계는 평양과 집안에서 중앙연도가 시설된 비율이 높았고 중심에서 멀어질수록 편재연도의 비율이 높았다. 또한 연도에서 관대가 바로 보이지 않게 시설하는 경향성을 확인하였다. 셋째, 천장과의 관계를 살펴보면 대부분 평천장보다 평행삼각고임천장 등, 높은 천장 일 때 관대가 시설되었으며 같은 고분군 내에서는 서로 비슷한 천장일 때 같은 형식의 관대가 시설되었다. 특히 1A·2A형의 관대일 경우 최상위 위계의 횡혈식석실묘 및 고분군에 시설되는 비율이 높았다. 넷째, 벽화와 관대를 살펴보면 벽화가 가지는 장식성을 고려하여 관대가 시설되었다. 대부분 회를 섞은 2B형으로 관대에 벽화가 그려지는 경우도 있었다. 또한 벽화묘에는 1A·2B형의 관대만이 사용되어 1C·기1형 관대와의 위계차가 확인되었다. 관대를 통해 본 횡혈식석실묘의 지역성과 위계를 각 지역 및 도성과 주변, 변방 등으로 나누어 비교한 결과, 횡혈식석실묘의 외형은 지역별로 다르더라도 내부구조, 특히 관대 시설에서 공통점이 발견된다면 묘제 및 매장 방법에 대한 이해도와 사회경제적인 위치가 비슷하였다. 그러나 횡혈식석실묘의 외형은 비슷하지만 관대 시설에서 차이가 발견되었을 때 묘제에 대한 이해도와 사회경제적인 위치가 달라졌다. 이것으로 볼 때, 묘제 및 매장 방법의 이해도와 사회경제적 위치가 항상 비례하지는 않는 것을 알 수 있었다. 변방에 해당하는 지역은 최초 축조시의 횡혈식석실묘 위계문제 및 중앙 장법에 대한 낮은 수준의 이해도, 피장자의 계통 및 변방이라는 특수성에 대한 여러 가능성 등을 감안하여야 한다. 마지막으로 한가지의 속성이 지역성과 위계를 구분하는 절대적인 기준은 될 수 없으며, 관대의 모든 요소와 횡혈식석실묘의 구성요소들을 종합적으로 검토했을 때 지역성과 위계에 대한 구분이 뚜렷하게 나타난다.
Concerning the general classification of Goguryeo tombs, tombs of the earlier period are classified as stone mound tombs while those of the later period are classified as stone chamber tombs in accordance with their appearance; however, in case of classification by differences in burial patterns in accordance with changes of the inner structure, stone mound tombs of the earlier period may be classified as vertically-prepared stone mound tombs and horizontally-prepared stone mound tombs. Meanwhile, the tombs of the later period may be classified as horizontally-prepared stone chamber tombs. Among others, the inner structure of horizontally-prepared burial tombs, which given their characteristics show relatively well the concept of burial with their allowance of easy access to inside the tomb, may have a great academic value; however, this is rarely the case at the present.
This paper aims to review locality and hierarchy through the coffin platform, which is one of the attributes of Goguryeo horizontally-prepared stone chamber tombs. Since the coffin platform has the nearest and closest relationship with the buried person among the various inner structures, the paper extracted the attributes of the coffin platform itself, and analyzed locality and hierarchy by reviewing a correlation with the main chamber structure.
As attributes of a coffin platform, materials, number, and location were determined. Also, as a result of analyzing the attributes of coffin platforms, the paper obtained the following several results. First, through the size of a coffin platform, the paper reviewed the area occupied by one person and regional patterns; thus, it identified the standard width of a coffin platform for one person and two persons and confirmed any difference in the coffin platform size by region. Second, as a result of reviewing the height and materials of a coffin platform, it was found that they could be largely classified into three groups, and the groups were formed in accordance with similar materials. It was confirmed that there was a difference in height according to group. In looking into the materials of a coffin platform and locality of a coffin platform for one person and two persons, the coffin platform size was different in accordance with the materials used for manufacture of the coffin platform. The frequency of a coffin platform manufactured for two persons in case of 2B-2C types was high. Also, it was confirmed that the type of coffin installed by region was different. Third, as a result of reviewing the number of coffin platforms and locality, the percentage of the number of coffin platforms was higher in the central region than in local regions. As a result of reviewing any difference in size according to the location of coffin platforms, there was more difference between the left and right coffin platform as the hierarchy increased, and the tendency for the left coffin platform to become bigger was confirmed.
Next, as a result of analyzing the correlation with the main chamber structure, first, in case the main chamber size is large and square-shaped or in case the main chamber size is small and rectangular, the form of the coffin platform was relatively clearly classified. Second, regarding the relationship between the coffin platform and tomb entranceway, there was a high percentage of tombs in Pyungyang and Jiban with central tomb entranceways installed, and the farther from the center, the higher the percentage of lopsided tomb entranceways. In addition, it was confirmed that there was a tendency for the tomb entranceway to be installed so that the coffin platform could not be seen from the entranceway. Third, in examining the relationship with the ceiling, in case the ceiling was high rather than a flat ceiling, a coffin platform was installed. In case of a space inside the same tombs, for mutually similar ceilings, the same form of coffin platform was installed. In particular, in case of 1A-2A types of coffin platform, there was a high percentage of tombs with the coffin platform installed in horizontally-prepared stone chamber tombs and tomb sites of the highest hierarchy. Fourth, in reviewing wall painting and coffin platforms, in case of the presence of the decorative features of wall paintings, a coffin platform was installed. In some cases, the wall painting was drawn on the coffin platform, mostly in the 2B form and mixed with lime. In addition, in wall painting tombs, only 1A-2B types of coffin platforms were used; thereby, a difference in hierarchy from 1C·gi1 form was confirmed.
As a result of comparing the locality and hierarchy of horizontally-prepared stone chamber tombs by classifying them by each region, local capital and surroundings, and border areas, although the appearance of horizontally-prepared stone chamber tombs may be different by region, in case there appeared something in common in the internal structure, specifically a coffin platform facility, there is a similar understanding of burial types and method and socio-economic status; however, despite a similar appearance of stone chamber tombs, in case there appeared a difference in the coffin platform facility, the understanding of the burial type and socio-economic status is different. In this regard, it was discovered that an understanding of burial type and method and socio-economic status are not necessarily in proportion. For regions located in border areas, a low understanding of the hierarchy issue of horizontally-prepared stone chamber tombs, the lineage of a buried person, and central funeral method during the first construction and various possibilities of specific features namely a border area should be considered. Finally, one certain attribute cannot be an absolute standard that classifies locality and hierarchy. Also, in reviewing comprehensively all the factors of a coffin platform and the components of horizontally-prepared stone chamber tombs, a classificati
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목 차Ⅰ. 서론 ·····························································································11. 기존 연구사 검토 ·········································································42. 연구목적과 연구방법 ···································································121) 연구목적 ················································································122) 연구방법론 ·············································································15Ⅱ. 횡혈식석실묘의 관대 ·····································································161. 관대를 갖춘 횡혈식석실묘의 지역별 분포양상 ································172. 관대의 개념과 분류 ····································································281) 개념정의 ················································································282) 관대의 속성 및 분류 ································································323. 관대의 등장과 시간적 변천 양상 검토 ···········································38Ⅲ. 관대의 분석과 현실 구조와의 상관관계 ···········································511. 구조적 속성 분석 ·······································································522. 관대와 현실의 관계 ····································································633. 관대와 연도의 관계 ····································································664. 관대와 천장의 관계 ····································································675. 관대와 벽화의 관계 ····································································70Ⅳ. 관대에 나타난 횡혈식석실묘의 지역성과 위계 ··································731. 관대에 나타난 지역성 ·································································742. 관대에 반영된 위계 ····································································83Ⅴ. 결론 ···························································································97참고문헌 ····························································································99부 록 ··························································································111