목차

Chapter 1. Introduction to Organic Photovoltaic Cells (OPVs) 1
1.1 Working principles and performance measures of organic solar cells 2
1.2 Structure development in organic solar cells 7
1.3 Brief introduction of the development of donor materials and the importance of acceptor 8
1.4 Overview of this thesis 11
Chapter 2. Materials review: Summary of various kinds of soluble fullerene derivatives used as electron acceptor for high performance OPVs 22
2.1 PCBM and PCBM-like fullerene derivatives used as electron acceptor 23
2.1.1 PCBM homologues based on C60, C70 and C84 23
2.1.2 Photovoltaic performances of novel PCBM analogous fullerene derivatives 25
2.1.2.1 Further modification of PCBM for improved physical characteristics and electrochemical properties 25
2.1.2.2 Amorphous PCBM analogous fullerene derivatives with better thermal stability 27
2.1.2.3 Modification of PCBM for enhanced light absorption 28
2.1.2.4 Modification of PCBM for enhancing the morphology of the blending film 30
2.2 Upshifted energy level of fullerene derivatives for higher photovoltaic performances due to a decreased number of π-electrons on the fullerene core 31
2.2.1 Bis- and Multi-adducts fullerene derivatives based on PCBM and PCBM-like fullerene derivatives 34
2.2.2 Indene and biindene based fullerene derivatives 38
2.2.3 Several novel bis- and multi-adducts fullerene derivatives based on Diels-Adler reaction 41
2.2.4 Several novel bis- and multi-adducts fullerene derivatives synthesized via tosylhydrazone route 50
2.3 Other structure fullerene derivatives reported recently for application as electron acceptors in OPVs 52
2.3.1 Endohedral fullerenes 53
2.3.2 Fullerene derivatives synthesized through Bingel-reaction 54
2.3.3 Fulleropyrrolidine derivatives used as electron acceptor 56
2.3.4 Several others 1,2-fullerene derivatives used as electron acceptor in OPVs 62
2.3.5 1, 4-fullerene derivatives used as electron acceptors 68
2.3.6 Fullerene derivatives used as electron acceptor containing more than one C60 core. 70
2.4 Summary 73
Chapter 3. Synthesis and characterization of novel fullerene derivatives used as electron acceptor for improvement of Voc values in OPVs 83
3.1 Novel fullerene derivatives through modification of PC61BM to improve Voc for higher photovoltaic performance 83
3.1.1 Introduction 83
3.1.2 Experiments 85
3.1.3 Results & Discussion 95
3.1.4 Conclusion 116
3.2 Synthesis and characterization of novel soluble fulleropyrrolidine derivatives and their photovoltaic performance 121
3.2.1 Introduction 121
3.2.2 Experimental details 124
3.2.3 Results & Discussion 145
3.2.4 Conclusion 148
3.3 A new kind of fulleropyrrolidine derivative: C60-PTZP for use as electron acceptor in bulk-heterojunction OPVs 148
3.3.1 Introduction 151
3.3.2 Experiments 154
3.3.3 Results and Discussion 178
3.3.4 Conclusion 182
3.4 Aiming to increase Voc for higher power conversion efficiency by breaking more carbon double bonds 182
3.4.1 Introduction 184
3.4.2 Experimental 190
3.4.3 Results & Discussion 201
3.4.4 Conclusion 212
Abstract (English) 207
Abstract (Korean) 209
Acknowledgement 212