입포 포구취락은 오랫동안 생활근거지로 활용되어온 금강을 모태로 형성되었다. 입포는 나루터 기능을 겸하고 있는 포구로 금강 내륙수로변에 위치하여 내륙 지역과 외해를 연결하면서 객주 등의 상업활동이 이루어진 장소이었다.
입포는 지형적으로 후빙기 해수면 상승 시에 하천으로 운반되던 물질이 퇴적하여 형성된 하천충적평야에 입지하고 있으며, 홍수시 범람하던 배후습지를 개간하여 조성된 마을로서 입포는 선사 시대에 인간이 거주한 흔적은 찾아볼 수 없다. 입포 지역을 역사적으로 살펴 보면, 하입포(下笠浦)는 1885년경에 김해 김씨가 남당진에서 이 지역 나루를 옮겨오면서 취락을 형성해 나갔으며 점차적으로 금강 수로를 통해 들어온 수산물 시장이 활기를 띠면서 성장하기 시작하였다. 여러 문헌, 지도, 촌로의 증언으로 미루어 보아 입포 포구의 마을 형성 시기는 1890년부터라고 여겨진다.
입포에 반입된 수산물 유통은 전적으로 객주의 경매를 통하여 이루어졌다. 입포는 이러한 상업 활동으로 경제적 풍요를 누리기도 했지만, 입포 포구 취락은 각 시대별 지역적 특성에 따라 변화가 수반되었다.
그동안 금강 유역에 대해서는 문헌이나 자료를 구하기 쉬운 큰 포구를 중심으로 연구가 어느 정도 이루어졌으나, 금강 내륙수로 연안의 작은 포구에 대한 연구는 소홀한 바가 많아 입포 지역을 사례로 연구하게 되었다.
이에, 본 논문은 소규모 입포 포구 취락을 사례로 입포 포구 취락의 초기 형성에서부터 발달과 쇠퇴 및 최근의 새로운 변화의 모색에 이르기까지 역사지리적인 분석을 목표로 한다. 구체적으로 내륙수로 포구취락에 관한 국내?외 연구동향을 고찰하여 그로부터 본 연구는 소규모 포구에 대한 미시적 접근을 해야 한다는 시사점을 추출하였고, 이어서 금강 내륙수로의 자연환경과 인문환경을 고찰하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 포구취락의 변화를 형성 이전, 형성기, 성장기, 쇠퇴기 등의 시기로 구분하여 분석하였다.
금강 연안에 주거지 형성이 어려웠던 것은 여름철 홍수에 의한 잦은 여름철 홍수때문이지만, 입포는 이러한 자연 환경에도 불구하고 마을이 형성되기 시작한 배경은 1885년경 부여군 지곡면 남당진에 있던 나루 기능의 이전과 함께 김해김씨의 입촌이 다. 1885년경 하입포(下笠浦)에 나루 기능이 이루어지고 사공이 거주하는 가옥이 섰다.그리고 어선이 출입하면서 어부들의 식사 제공과 수산물 거래를 위해 두 채의 가옥이 더 입지하면서 마을이 형성되기 시작하였다.
1899년 군산항의 개항은 금강 내륙수로에 새로운 변화의 동력이 되었으며, 이에 입포는 외항과 내륙의 결절점에 위치하고 있어 포구로서 발전하게 되었다. 개발 이전의 입포는 범람원으로 자연 제방은 홍수가 발생하면 강물이 넘을 정도의 고도를 유지하였고, 금강 본류로 유입하는 입포천 주변과 금강 연안의 배후 습지는 갈대가 무성한 상태였다. 그러나, 입포 포구로의 수산물의 반입과 유통이 증가하면서 수산물 매매를 위한 객주의 등장, 범람원의 개간, 행정 기관과 시장의 이전 등 많은 지역 변화가 일어났다.
입포 지역에 어선의 출입이 많아지고 소금의 유입 증가와 군산항의 쌀 집산 기능이 커지면서 미곡운반선의 출입이 증가하게 되었다. 이러한 변화는 입포의 상업 기능의 발달과 지역 개발로 이어졌다. 입포 포구취락의 형성은 배후 습지의 매립과 인공 제방의 축조가 그 기반이 되었다. 마을은 입포천에 근접하여 형성되었고, 그 주변의 농경지는 우에다(植田) 등 일본 사람에 의해 개간되었다.
면사무소, 순사주재소와 같은 기능체는 상대적으로 해발고도가 높은 배후산지의 산록에 입지하였다. 입포의 도로는 한산(韓山)과 임천을 잇는 도로에서 남동쪽으로 뻗어오다가 다시 남쪽으로 내려와서 하나는 입포천을 향하여 남서쪽으로 진행하였고, 다른 하나는 남동쪽으로 가다가 직각으로 꺾여 북동쪽으로 진행하여 나루터에 닿아있다. 당시에 입포의 전체 도로망 형태는 입(入)자 모양인데, 마을은 입(入)자 모양에서 분기하는 곳에 집촌의 형태를 이루었다.
입포는 마을이 형성되고 포구의 기능이 활성화되면서 여러 기능들이 이전해 오거나 새롭게 형성되기 시작하였다. 양화면 내성리에 있었던 면사무소는 1920년경에 양화면 입포리로 이전하게 되었다. 입포 시장은 1910년대 초기에 이르러 시장 기능이 나타나기 시작하였다. 초기에는 소규모 난전의 형태였지만 1914년부터 매월 4, 9일에 정기 시장이 본격적으로 제 기능을 수행하였다. 그러다가 강경 시장과의 경쟁을 피하기 위해 4, 9일에서 1927년에 3, 8일로 시장의 개시일을 변경하였다. 하지만 1932년에 그 동안의 시장은 장소가 협소하고 교통이 불편하여 당국의 허가를 받아 오늘날의 위치로 이전하여 지속되어 오고 있다.
1911년에 총독부는 도로규칙을 제정하여 공포하고 주변 지역과 입포 간의 도로 교통과 내륙 수운에 의한 접근성이 향상되면서 외해의 수산물과 내륙의 곡류에 대한 집산 기능을 강화시켰다. 1923년 입포에 양질의 곡물 수집을 위해 곡물검사소가 설치되었으며, 양화, 임천, 홍산(鴻山) 등지에서 생산된 벼와 1차로 도정한 현미를 대상으로 검사하고 군산으로 옮겨졌다.
포구취락의 성장은 취락 내부의 기능 강화에서 나타났다. 1930년대 말 이후에 건설된 간선도로를 따라 북동 방향의 배후 산지 쪽으로 잡화점, 행정대서소, 약국, 금융조합, 면사무소, 순사주재소, 노동조합, 이발소, 여인숙 등이 입지하였다. 남서 방향의 샛강 쪽으로 구둣방, 여관, 곡물검사소, 음식점, 양복점, 어업조합 등이 입지하였다. 교육 기관의 설립이 필요하여 1930년 양화공립보통학교 개교 이전에 2년 간 입포에서 임시로 2학급이 구성되었다. 1890년대 말에 기독교 포교 활동이 이루어졌고, 1945년에 입포 교회가 설립되었다.
포구는 내륙수로와 육로의 결절점에 위치하기 때문에 다양한 기능을 수행하였다. 내륙 수운은 입포 포구와 다른 지역 간의 네트워크를 형성하여 긴밀한 사회·문화·경제적인 관계를 유지하도록 하였다. 1930년대 초 입포에 수집된 쌀은 일본인이 세운 정미소에서 현미로 도정하여 금강 수운을 통해 군산항으로 이송되고 거기서 다시 일본으로 실려 나갔다. 입포는 강경과 군산 간에 운항하는 여객선 노선의 중간 항이다. 강경과 군산 간의 정기선은 1932년경부터 운항을 시작하여 광복후까지 지속되었으나 1950년대 초에 중단되었다.
포구취락에서 내륙수로와 육로를 통한 다른 지역 간의 경제적인 교류는 시장의 발달을 가져왔고, 입포의 인구도 늘어났다. 1932년부터 구시장은 지금의 장소로 옮겨왔다. 입포 포구에는 5일장 정기시장이 열렸고, 생선배가 입포에 들어오면 그 때마다 정기시장과는 별도로 생선시장이 개설되었다. 생선은 시간이 지나면 신선도가 떨어져 부패의 위험이 크기 때문이다. 입포에는 주로 서해 연평도의 조기와 흑산도의 홍어가 많이 들어왔다. 그 외 입포에서 주로 거래된 생선은 갈치, 새우젓, 상어, 대구, 명태 등이었고, 생선이 출시되는 지역은 천안(天安), 공주, 광천(廣川), 부여, 논산(論山), 강경, 청양(靑陽), 서천(舒川), 익산(益山) 등이었다. 당시에 구입한 생선은 차량 보다도 주로 소와 말 달구지에 의해 운송되었다. 생선배가 포구에 들어오면 갑판에서 직접 상인에게 판매하거나 객주에게 위탁하여 판매하였다. 객주의 역할은 위탁판매의 의미로 뱃사람들에게 숙식 제공, 바다로 출어할 때 필요한 식량과 자본 공급 등 이었다. 입포에서 활동한 객주는 6명 정도이었으며, 그 수는 엄격한 제한을 두었기 때문에 임의로 개업할 수 없었다. 객주는 입포로 입항한 생선의 거래에 중심적인 역할을 하였다. 생선 거래에는 객주를 중심으로 선주, 상인, 노동조합의 인부 등이 연결되어 있었다. 객주제도는 1943년 어업조합이 설립되면서 한동안 경매를 놓고 갈등하다가 1953년 무렵에 자취를 감추었다. 입포에서 수산물 거래의 활성화에 따라 금융기관이 들어서게 되는데, 1933년 임천의 금융조합 출장소가 입포에 설립되었다. 입포에 입항한 생선의 하역은 노동조합의 역할이 컸다.
입포의 5일장에서 상인들이 소매할 물건을 구입하는 장소는 지역의 중심시장들인 강경과 군산이며, 군산에서 구입한 상품은 부여, 홍산(鴻山), 은산(恩山), 임천, 충화(忠化) 등으로 공급되었다.
입포는 사람과 물자가 모이고 상업 기능이 발달하면서 상가 건물이 도로를 따라 분포하는 가촌(街村)의 형태로 나타났다. 정기시장이 열리지 않는 날은 시장 주변과 중심도로를 따라 분포하는 점포에서 생활필수품을 구매하고, 혼수품과 고급 보석류 등은 군산, 강경 등의 큰 시장을 이용하였다. 입포 시장에 장옥을 가지고 있는 상인은 순회 상인들로 보통 부패하지 않는 고무신, 의류, 각종 그릇 등은 장옥에 보관되었다. 입포 시장은 개인에게 1평 규모인 1칸이 분배되었고, 어물전, 의류전, 농기구전, 약재전, 곡물전, 채소전, 신발전 등으로 분화되었다.
일본 경제에 종속된 식민지 경제체제는 금강 하구에 위치한 군산의 기능이 급속도로 강화되었고, 입포는 이러한 시대적 맥락 속에서 군산과 직?간접적으로 관련을 맺으면서 포구 기능이 커지고 상업 기능이 성장하였다. 입포 포구의 상업 기능의 성장은 인구 흡입 요인으로 나타났다.
금강 내륙수로의 수운 기능이 쇠퇴의 길을 걸었다. 그 원인으로 철도 부설, 도로 건설과 자동차의 증가 등을 들 수 있다. 도로와 자동차는 지역 간 이동이 빠르기 때문에 자연스럽게 수운 기능을 대체하였고 포구 기능을 쇠퇴시켰다. 1960년대에 들어와 포구 기능이 약화됨에 포구에 어선이 거의 들어오지 않고 주변 지역에 생선 공급의 중심 기능이 약해지면서 이에 동반하여 간선도로를 따라 분포하는 숙박, 음식업 등과 같은 기능체의 상업 기능과 정시 시장의 기능도 크게 약화되었다. 뿐만 아니라 5일마다 정기적으로 개시하였던 정기시장도 과거의 호황기 모습을 잃어가게 되었다. 이러한 취락 내부 상업 기능의 축소는 금강 유역에서의 도시화와 산업화와 함께 입포의 인구가 감소하는 주된 요인이 되었다. 포구의 상업 기능의 약화는 기능체의 노동 고용력을 약화시켜 주요한 전출 요인이 되었다. 더불어 국가 정책의 일환으로 성장거점 방식의 지역 개발에 의한 도시화와 산업화가 이루어진 수도권 지역으로 농어촌의 인구가 대량으로 전출되면서, 특히 청·장년층의 지속적인 인구 감소가 나타나 영농에 투입할 노동력의 부족으로 휴경 농지가 증가하고, 정주 생활 기반의 정체내지 낙후로 농촌 생활에 어려움을 가중시켰다.
도농간의 격차, 농촌인구 감소 등의 문제가 나타나자 정부는 그 대안으로 1970년대 초 새마을 운동을 제안했다. 새마을 운동은 먼저 가시적인 효과를 얻기 위해 외형적인 변화를 추구하여 주택개량사업을 실시하여 농촌 가옥의 내·외구조의 변화에 큰 영향을 주었다. 입포는 포구 기능의 영향으로 상업적 성격이 강한 도시적 경향을 나타내기는 하였으나 농업을 기반으로 하는 농업적 성격도 함께 지니고 있어 1970년대 새마을 운동의 농촌 취락구조 개선 및 농촌 주택개량 사업의 영향을 크게 받았다. 지붕은 기와, 함석, 슬레이트로 개량되었으며, 상·하수도가 들어섰고, 부엌도 연탄 아궁이로 개선되었다.
1990년 서천(舒川)과 군산 간의 금강 하굿둑 완공은 금강 하구 연안의 입포, 웅포, 나포 등의 포구취락의 포구 기능을 완전히 종식시키는 결정적인 계기가 되었다. 입포 포구가 폐항되면서 지역 개발이라는 과제를 남겼다.
바람직한 지역 개발은 그 지역의 잠재력이나 지역의 특화 요소를 고도화 하는 방향으로 추진되어야 하는바, 현재 입포의 지역 여건을 살펴볼 때 타지역과 비교 우위에 있는 것은 하천 기능의 관광 자원화라고 볼 수 있다. 이러한 지역 개발의 대안으로 2004년부터 우여 축제가 열리고 있으며, 2013년 금강 살리기 사업으로 입포 나루를 조성하고 양화∼강경, 양화∼신성리 간의 유람선 운영 계획이 수립되었다.
양화면은 소외된 농업지역발전의 한계를 극복하고 새로운 동력을 창출하고자 양화면 삼각축 발전협의체를 구성하였다.
양화면삼각축발전협의체는 PEBOSCA 모형에 의거하여 운영되는데, PEBOSCA는 Physical(물리적 측면), Economic(경제적 측면), Biological(생물학적 측면), Organizational(조직적 혹은 인프라적 측면), Social(사회적 측면), Cultural(문화적 측면), Aesthetic(심미적 측면)으로 종합적인 지역발전을 위한 모형이다.
이를 위해 입포리, 수원리, 송정리를 삼각축으로 하는데, 입포리는 물리적, 경제적 및 사회적 측면의 차원에서 ’갓개, 잊혀진 것의 부활’이라는 명목으로 2014년 1∼2월에 주민, 사업체 관계자, 관이 함께 양화면 농촌거점개발사업을 위한 기본 계획안을 수립했다. 이와 같은 양화면삼각축발전협의체는 삼각축이 각기 특색을 유지하면서도 양화면 전체의 공동이익을 추구하고 있다.

This page covers the change of settlement of Ippo port on the lower riverside of the Geum river related to the function of water transport of inland waterways. Ippo port has changed by Geum river which was utilized as a living base of our ancestors since baekje period.
This article covers before a formation(until 1910), a formative period(1910∼1929), a growth period(1930∼1959), a period of decline(1960∼1999), and a seeking period(after 2000) of a new change of Ippo port.

1. Before a formation(until 1910)

It was the flooding by summer flood that caused not locating houses near the Ippo in Geum river. Before the mid of 1880, there is no village in the Ippo port. Despite the environment which is disadvantageous to the village formation, the Kims of Gimhae caused the formation of village with moving the function of port located in Namdangjin Jigogmyeon Buyeogun near 1885. For the need to run dock, one house where a boatman was living was built near the foot of a Yongin mountain near Geum river.
Ippo port connected Ippo in Yanghwamyeon Buyeogun and Jeseong in Woongpo Iksan and carried people and goods. The shape of embayment was created near the Ippo stream running to the main stream of Geum river and it was the good environmental condition for the fishing boat to anchor. When the fishing boat anchored, there was a need for providing meals to the fishermen and deal of fish. To deal with this, one more house was built there. The function of port was started early Ippo and the visit of the fishing boat created two houses and this was the beginning of the village history.
Opening harbor in 1899 changed the inland water way of Geum river and suggested the increase of the function of Ippo port located in the crunode of outport and landward. At that time, flood plain near Geum river showed primeval condition and natural levee maintained the elevation just over the river. In addition, reed grass was flourished near the Ippo to the main stream of Geum river and back swamp of Geum river. Also, the inflow and increase of marine products aroused a commission agency, clearing overflow area, and relocation of marketplace and administrative agency.

2. The formative period(1910∼1929)

Ippo area was changed rapidly following the three reasons. First, many fishing boats started to visit Ippo. In addition, the inflow of salt from the open sea and Gangyung was increased. Moreover, the function of gathering and distribution of rice in Gunsan port was enlarged, and it caused a ship that transport rice visit Ippo often. This commercial function guaranteed the regional development. Ippo village was a planned village. The creation of Ippo village was started when reclaiming back swamp of riverside of the Geumgang river and constructing artificial bank. The village was constructed near Ippo cheon. Most of the houses looked at the south and field along the large river which divides to pass around an islet was assarted by Japanese Sik Jeon by name. Function facilities such as myeon office and a police substation was located on the foot of a mountain which shows relatively high elevation. The principal road of Ippo was toward the southern-east in the road connecting Hansan and Imchoen and turned to the south. One of them was toward the southern-west to the Ippo cheon, and another was to the southern-east and then to the northern-east. It reached a ferry. At that time, the shape of whole network of roads was 入, and the village was located the separated part of 入.
After the village was created in Ippo, there were many exchange of goods. This activated the functino of port. Thus, many functional facilities moved to the Ippo or new facilities were created.
At first, the seat of a myeon office was in Naesung-ri, Yanghwa-myeon, but it moved to the Ippo-ri, Yanghwa-myeon in 1920. It was because public asserted myeon office should be relocated due to the increased deal of fish and activated Ippo market. The Market in Ippo functioned as a real market in the beginning of 1910. It showed small unapproved market at first but as time goes by its regular market started every 4th and 9th in 1914.
In order not to compete with Ganggyung market, Ippo market changed its working day from 4th and 9th to 3rd and 8th and held a meeting for congratulation.
The place in 1927 was too small and uncomfortable in transportation, and it moved to the another place which has held a market until now.
The Japanese Government-General of Korea enact and proclaim the rule of the road in 1911. Transportation of road and inland water transportation improved the access to the Ippo and it fortified the function of gathering and distribution between the marine products of open sea and grain of the land. Grain inspection office, built in Ippo, 1923, was for collecting high quality of grain. It collected and examined rice from Yanghwa, Imcheon, and Hongsan and unpolished rice, and took out to Gunsan through Ippo port.

3. The growing period(1930∼1959)

A development of the port settlement came from a strengthening of function inside the settlement. Along a main road built in the late 1930s, a lot of facilities - general stores, a scrivener’s office of administration, pharmacies, a financial association, a myeon office, a police substation, a trade union, barbershops, inns, etc. - were located toward the rear of a mountain of the northeast direction. Toward the creek of the southwest direction were located shoemakers, inns, a grain inspection office, restaurants, tailors shops, a fishermen’s association, etc. As the port function was activated, it required the establishment of education institutions. As a result, two temporary classes were organized in Ippo, and taught students for two years before the Yanghwa elementary school was founded in 1930.
The port performed a variety of functions because it was located in a crunode of inland waterways and land routes. Inland water transport formed a close network between Ippo and other areas, so it helped to maintain the social, cultural, and economic relations between them. Rice collected in Ippo in the early 1930s was milled into brown rice in the Japanese rice mill, and then transported to the Gunsan port by the water transport of the Geum River, and finally transported to Japan. Ippo is an intermediate port of a ferry route which sails between Ganggyeong and Gunsan. A liner between them started its sailing in about 1932 and lasted after the liberation, but was discontinued in the early 1950s. Since the port served as a passage of culture diffusion, missionary activities had been made in the late 1930s, and the Ippo church was founded in 1945.
Economic exchanges between different areas through inland waterways and land routes brought development of a market in the port settlement, and resulted in population growth of Ippo. The old bazaar moved to the present location and has been held since 1932. A five-day market was opened regularly in Ippo, and a fish market was opened separately whenever a fish boat entered Ippo because fish spoiled easily over time. A lot of fish came into Ippo such as Croaker from Yeonpyeong Island and skate from Heuksando. Fish like croaker, hairtail, pickled shrimps, sharks, cod, pollack, skate, etc were mainly traded in Ippo. Regions where fish were released were Cheonan, Gongju, Gwangcheon, Buyeo, Nonsan, Ganggyeong, Chengyang, Seocheon, Iksan, etc. Vehicles were rarely used to transport fish purchased at that time, but ox and horse carts were mainly used. When the fish boat entered the port, fish were sold to merchants directly on the deck or sold to a commission agency. The roles of the commission agency were providing room and board to sailors, offering a consignment sale of fish, and supplying food and capital needed for sailing. There were about six commission agencies in Ippo. People could not open other commission agencies arbitrarily because of severe restrictions on their number. They played a central role in a transaction of fish which entered Ippo. People associated with the transaction were shipowners, merchants, trade unionists, etc with the commission agencies as the center. As a fishermen’s association was founded in 1943, the commission agency had a conflict with it over auction for some time, and finally disappeared in around 1953. Activation of the deal of marine products led to a great interest in finance, and helped to establish a branch of Imcheon’s financial association in Ippo in 1933. In addition, the trade union played an important role in loading and unloading of fish that came into Ippo.
The central markets, Ganggyeong and Gunsan, were the places where merchants of five-day markets in Ippo purchased goods to retail, and then goods purchased in Gunsan were supplied to Buyeo, Hongsan, Eunsan, and Chunghwa.
As people and materials were gathered, and commercial functions developed in Ippo, the commercial buildings were distributed along the road and appeared in the form of strassendorf. When the regular interval market was not open, people could buy daily necessities in the shops around the market and along the central road. In addition, they used large marketplaces such as Gunsan and Ganggyeong to buy a bottom drawer, high-quality jewels, etc. A merchant who owned the building in the marketplace of Ippo was a traveling salesman, and they usually stored rubber shoes, clothing, various bowls, etc which did not spoil in the building. A space of one pyeong was distributed to each individual in Ippo market. Ippo market consisted of a fish store, a clothing store, a farming tool store, a drug store, a grain store, a vegetable store, a shoe store, etc.
Subordinate colonial market systems of Japan rapidly changed the function of Gunsan located in the mouth of Geum River. In the context of this era, Ippo began to improve its port function and commercial function while it built a relationship with Gunsan both directly and indirectly. As the commercial function of Ippo grew gradually, it became the attraction factor to increase an incoming population.

4. The declining period(1960～1999)

The construction of railroads and roads, and car increase directly caused the decline in the function of water transport of inland waterways of Geum River. Due to the construction of roads and the increasing number of cars, the road traffic developed, so it naturally substituted for the function of water transport, and ruined the function of port because the road traffic was faster than water transport which used inland waterways. As the port function was weakened in the 1960s, fishing boats hardly came into the port, and the main function in supplying fish was also weakened while the commercial function of function facilities such as lodgment, food service work, etc was greatly weakened. Furthermore, regular interval markets which opened every five days did not enjoy a boom of the past anymore. This reduction of commercial function as well as outside urbanization and industrialization was considered to be the main factor of a decrease in population of Ippo. A weakening of commercial function inside the port weakened the power of labor employment, resulting in unemployment, and became the main factor that transferred workers to other areas. In addition, it became the main attraction factor which led to a great influx of population in agricultural, mountain, and fishing villages into the capital area, which was urbanized and industrialized by regional development of growth center strategy as part of national policy. Especially, the number of idle farmland increased because a population of young adults and middle-aged people decreased, and it led to labor shortages. Stasis and falling behind of settlement life basis also aggravated difficulty of life in farming areas.
Under the government’s economic development plan, the gap between urban and rural areas was growing, and problems relatively arose in rural areas in comparison with urban growth. In the early 1970s, Saemaeul Movement was suggested as an alternative to overcome these problems. Saemaeul Movement pursued a physical change to get the visible effects first, focusing on housing improvement project. This business made a big impact on the change of inside and outside of the rural houses. Ippo showed an urban tendency with a strong commercial characteristic under the influence of the port function, and it was also greatly influenced by a renewal of settlement structure and the housing improvement project in rural areas because it had an agricultural characteristic based on farming. The roof was improved by using roof tiles, tin, and slate. Water supply and sewage system was made, and a furnace was improved to use briquettes in the kitchen.
The completion of the Geum River estuary dam between Seocheon and Gunsan in 1990 had a decisive effect on the end of the port function of port settlement such as Ippo, Ungpo, Napo, etc that bordered the Geum River estuary. As the Ippo port was closed, a task of the community development was left.
It is difficult to establish and carry out a uniform and unified development project because the characteristics of each region had to be considered for the community development. The desirable community development should be promoted in the direction of enhancing the potential or the specialized factor of each region. When looking at the current regional condition of Ippo, tourism resources of the river function can be seen as the local advantage in comparison with other areas.

5. The seeking period of a new change(after 2000)

Ippo is associated with the natural environmental condition of the Geum River and the port function which enjoyed a boom in the past, and it has held Uyea Festival since 2004 as part of the community development. In addition, Ippo dock in Yanghwa was constructed through the furtherance of the Geum River revival project, and the new waterway cruise ship will be planned to sail between Yanghwa and Ganggyeong, and Yanghwa and Sinseongri.
Yanghwa-myeon constituted the developmet council of a triad of Yanghwa-myeon in order to overcome the limitations of the alienated development of agricultural areas and to create a new power. The development council of Yanghwa-myeon is to proceed according to PEBOSCA local development frame. PEBOSCA is the model for the comprehensive local development, which covers Physical(physicalaspects),Economic(Economicaspects),Biological(biological aspects),Organizational(organizationalorinfrastructureaspects),Social(Social aspects), Cultural(cultural aspects), and Aesthetic(aesthetic aspects).
To do this, Ippo-ri, Suwon-ri, and Songjeong-ri constitute the triad. Ippo-ri established the master plan for a development project based on rural areas of Yanghwa-myeon in January and February 2014 in nominal terms of ‘gatgae, a renewal of the forgotten’ at the physical, economic and social aspects. Songjeong-ri is promoting a public design project, a creative local project, and a project of making a creative village from 2014 to 2017 in the theme of ‘the restoration of memories through the picture book and the generational sharing’ at the organizational, cultural, and aesthetic aspects. Suwon-ri is promoting an easy cooking, processing, and manufacturing of our agricultural products as ‘the sales business of a batch of healthy food associated with agricultural products’ from March to June 2014 at the physical and economic aspects. This triad of the development council of Yanghwa-myeon not only maintains their own features, but also cooperates for the public interests of the whole Yanghwa-myeon.
In brief, it is as follows.
Before the formative period of the port settlement(before 1910), villages could not be formed in Ippo because of frequent floods in the summer. As the dock in Namdangjin, Jigok-myeon, Buyeo-gun moved to Ippo in 1885, one house for a ferryman was built in the base of the Yonginsan adjacent to the Geum River for the first time. In addition, another house was built again because of the need for offering meals to fishermen and trading fish when the fish boat came into the embayment of the Ippocheon stream in contact with the Geum River. In this way, villages in early Ippo began to quicken as two houses were built. The Geum River coast near Ippo was a flood plain of natural levee and back swamp at that time.
During a formative period of the port settlement(1910~1929), the main power of changes in Ippo area was Ippo port, which began to appear with increasing access of boats of fish and salt, ships for rice transport, etc. These changes led to the construction of banks and the assart of flood plains, and gradually became the foundation of forming villages. As the port function was more active and the function of a market strengthened, the administrative agency moved to Ippo. Moreover, the grain collected from surrounding areas of Ippo was inspected, and began to be taken out to Gunsan.
During a growth period of the port settlement(1930~1959), as the port settlement developed, internal functions of it strengthened, so a variety of function facilities were located along a main road and performed their functions in earnest. Especially strassendorf was formed as shopping district buildings were located along the main road. The port settlement formed a network with other areas through the inland waterways and the port of the Geum River, and had the social, cultural, and economic relations between them. The grain collected from surrounding areas to Ippo was exported to Japan via Gunsan, and a linar between Ganggyeong and Gunsan has been operated via Ippo since 1932. When a fish boat entered Ippo, a fish market was opened to sell fish on the sidelines of a regular market. A function of a commission agency was activated to trade in fish, but a fishermen’s association gradually absorbed the function of the commission agency as it was established in 1943. In addition, activation of the deal of marin products led to the establishment of a branch of financial association in Ippo, and the trade union played an important role in loading and unloading of fish.
During a decline phase of the port settlement(1960~), the construction of railroads and roads, and rapid diffusion of cars improved interregional mobility and accessibility, so they absorbed the port function of the Geum River coast. The decline of the port function continuously reduced the commercial functions, and gradually paralyzed the main function of function facilities located along the main road and the market function of a five-day market. A weakening of internal functions and government industrialization policy played an output factor, and caused the population of Ippo to decrease. Saemaeul Movement which was suggested as an alternative to solve the problems in rural areas in the early 1970s brought external changes of settlement such as improvement of a roof. As the port function came to an end and the port was closed because of the construction of the Geum River estuary dam in 1990, there left a task of the community development. As an alternative of community development, Uyea Festival has been held since 2004. Ippo dock was constructed through the Geum River revival project, and the plan of operating a cruise ship between Yanghwu and Ganggyeong, and Yanghwa and Sinseongri was established.
Yanghwa-myeon constituted the development council of a triad of Yanghwa-myeon in order to overcome the limitations of the alienated development of agricultural areas and to create a new power.