이 연구의 목적은 생활체육지도자의 매너리즘을 객관적으로 측정하기 위한 척도를 개발하고 타당화하는데 있다. 이를 위해 이론적 경험적 접근을 기반으로 8단계(구성개념 도출, 기초문항 제작, 내용타당도 검증, 안면타당도 검증, 문항분석, 신뢰도 및 타당도 검증, 모형적합도 평가, 척도의 타당화)에 따라 척도를 개발하였다.
예비척도개발을 위해 선행연구와 경험적 자료를 종합적으로 검토하여 회원매너리즘, 수업매너리즘, 자아매너리즘 총 3개 매너리즘요인들을 도출하였다. 또한, 이를 토대로 기존문항 및 신규문항을 바탕으로 예비척도의 기초문항 61개를 구성하였으며, 전문가 집단을 통해 내용타당도 검토를 받아 41개로 축소하였고, 마지막으로 생활체육지도자를 통해 안면타당도 검토를 받아 회원매너리즘 7문항, 수업매너리즘 11문항, 자아매너리즘 12문항 총 3요인 30개로 축소하여 예비척도를 개발하였다.
최종척도개발을 위해 30문항의 예비척도는 1차 표본 351명의 자료를 이용하여 문항분석을 통해 23문항으로 축소되었고, 탐색적 요인분석을 실시한 결과 수업매너리즘 11문항, 자아매너리즘 6문항, 회원매너리즘 4문항 총 3요인 21문항으로 추출되었다. 고유치는 수업매너리즘 5.50, 자아매너리즘 3.67, 회원매너리즘 2.04로 나타났고, 요인적재치는 수업매너리즘 0.51?0.76, 자아매너리즘 0.51?0.75, 회원매너리즘 0.47?0.74로 나타났으며, 전체설명변량은 53.45%로 나타났다. 신뢰도를 검증한 결과 수업매너리즘 0.90, 자아매너리즘 0.82, 회원매너리즘 0.61로 나타났다.
2차 표본의 415명의 자료를 이용하여 확인적 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 3요인 21문항의 생활체육지도자의 매너리즘 측정척도는 승인 가능한 수준에서 타당화되었다(x2=544.53, df=186, p<0.001, GFI=0.88, IFI=0.90, CFI=0.90, TLI=0.88, RMSEA=0.06).
최종 개발된 생활체육지도자의 매너리즘 척도의 일반화를 위해 교차타당화 검증, 수렴타당화 검증, 예측타당화 검증을 하였다. 첫째, 교차타당화 검증을 위해 탐색적 요인분석을 실시한 결과 1차 탐색적 요인분석과 2차 탐색적 요인분석은 3요인(수업매너리즘, 자아매너리즘, 회원매너리즘)으로 동일한 구조를 갖는 것으로 나타났으며, 신뢰도 계수 또한 1차에서 수업매너리즘 0.90, 자아매너리즘 0.82, 회원매너리즘 0.61, 2차에서 수업매너리즘 0.90, 자아매너리즘 0.82, 회원매너리즘 0.64로 비슷한 결과를 보여 교차타당도가 검증되었다. 둘째, 수렴타당도 검증을 위해 직무권태 척도를 사용하여 상관분석을 실시한 결과, 생활체육지도자의 매너리즘(수업매너리즘, 자아매너리즘, 회원매너리즘)은 직무권태의 특성적권태와 0.34?0.66(p<0.01)사이의, 직무권태의 반응적권태와 0.39?0.62(p<0.01) 사이의 유의미한 정적상관을 보여 수렴타당도가 검증되었다. 셋째, 예측타당도 검증을 위해 직무열의 척도를 사용하여 상관분석과 단순회귀분석 검증을 실시한 결과 생활체육지도자의 매너리즘 중 회원매너리즘을 제외한 수업매너리즘, 자아매너리즘은 직무열의 하위요인 활력, 헌신, 몰두 모두 부적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 예측하는 변인임이 확인되었으며 동시에 예측타당도가 검증되었다.
이 연구는 생활체육지도자의 매너리즘의 요인별 측정이 가능하고, 생활체육지도자에게 사용하도록 개발하여 타당화하였다는 점에서 연구의 의의가 있다. 이 척도는 생활체육의 질적 향상을 위해 생활체육지도자의 매너리즘 연구에 기초 자료를 제공하는데 활용 될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The purpose of this research was to develop a scale that can be used to measure mannerism of sport for all leaders objectively and validate it. For the purpose, we have developed this scale in accordance with 8 stages (deduction of constructing factors, development of basic questions, review of content validity, face validity, question analysis, verification of reliability and validity, evaluation of model fit, and validation of scale) based on theoretical and experiential approaches.
For development of a preliminary scale, we reviewed preceding studies and experiential data comprehensively and deducted a total of 3 mannerism factors including member mannerism, class mannerism, and self mannerism. Also, on the basis of this, we have constructed 61 basic questions to be used for a preliminary scale based on existing and new questions, and reduced the number of these basic questions to 41 after a review of content validity carried out by an expert group. Lastly, we have reduced these 41 questions to a total of 30 in three factors, including 7 questions of member mannerism, 11 questions of class mannerism, and 12 questions of self mannerism to come up with the preliminary scale after a review of face validity carried out by sport for all leaders.
For development of the final scale, these 30 questions of the preliminary scale were reduced to 23 questions through a question analysis using data from 351 persons of our primary sample. Out of these 23 questions, we have deducted a total of 21 questions in three factors as a result of an exploratory factor analysis, including 11 questions of class mannerism, 6 questions of self mannerism, and 4 questions of member mannerism. Eigenvalues turned out to be 5.50 for class mannerism, 3.67 for self mannerism, and 2.04 for member mannerism. Factor loading values turned out to be 0.51?0.76 for class mannerism, 0.51?0.75 for self mannerism, and 0.47?0.74 for member mannerism. The overall explanation variable turned out to be 53.45%. And as a result of reliability verification, reliability turned out to be 0.90 for class mannerism, 0.82 for self mannerism, and 0.61 for member mannerism.
As a result of a confirmatory factor analysis using data from 415 persons of our secondary sample, the measurement scale of 21 questions in three factors for mannerism of the leader in sports for all was validated at an approvable level.(x2=544.53, df=186, p<0.001, GFI=0.88, IFI=0.90, CFI=0.90, TLI=0.88, RMSEA=0.06).
For generalization of the mannerism scale of sport for all leaders finally developed, cross validation verification, convergent validation verification, and prediction validation verification were carried out. First, as a result of an exploratory factor analysis for verification of cross validation, the first exploratory factor analysis and the second exploratory factor analysis turned out to have an identical structure of three factors(class mannerism, self mannerism, and member mannerism). Cross validation was also verified as reliability coefficient showed a similar result as evidenced by 0.90 for class mannerism, 0.82 for self mannerism, and 0.61 for member mannerism in the first exploratory factor analysis and 0.90 for class mannerism, 0.82 for self mannerism, and 0.64 for member mannerism in the second exploratory factor analysis. Second, as a result of a correlation analysis carried out for convergent validity verification using a job boredom scale, mannerism(class mannerism, self mannerism, member mannerism) of the leader in sport for all exhibited a significant positive correlation in-between characteristic boredom of job boredom and 0.34?0.66(p<0.01) and in-between responsive boredom of job boredom and 0.39?0.62(p<0.01), confirming convergent validity verification. Third, as a result of a correlation analysis and a simple regression analysis carried out for prediction validity verification using a job engagement scale, class mannerism and self mannerism of the leader in sports for all excluding member mannerism were confirmed to be prediction variables as vigor, dedication and absorption, which are sub-factors of job engagement, turned out to have negative influence, verifying at the same time prediction validity.
This research has significance in that it can measure mannerism of sports for all leaders by factor and its validity was confirmed as it was developed to be used for the leader in sports for all. It is expected that this scale can be utilized in providing basic data for mannerism research of sport for all leaders for enhancing the quality of sport for all.