목차

제목 차례
제1장 서론 1
제1절 연구 배경 및 필요성 1
1.1.1 연구 배경 및 필요성 1
1.1.2 한국의 산림자원조사 3
1.1.3 연구의 목적 6
제2절 연구 방법 7
1.2.1 국가산림자원조사 자료의 구축 및 고정표본점의 구성 7
1.2.2 기후 자료 10
1.2.3 자료 처리 및 통계분석 10
제2장 차수별 조사구의 변화 11
제1절 연구 배경 및 필요성 11
제2절 연구 방법 12
2.2.1 5~7차 국가산림자원조사 고정표본점의 구성 12
2.2.2 Index 계산 13
2.2.3 표본점 군집 구성의 변화 15
2.2.4 임목 축적 계산 16
제3절 연구 결과 21
2.3.1 차수에 따른 개체 수와 종 수의 변화 21
2.3.2 고정표본점 특성의 변화 양상 24
2.3.3 표본점 군집 구성의 변화 양상 26
제4절 고찰 28
2.4.1 차수별 종 수, 개체 수, 밀도 및 축적의 변화 28
2.4.2 표본점 내 종 다양성 변화 28
제5절 결론 29
2.5.1 생장 및 종 다양성의 변화 29
2.5.2 연구대상 수종 선정 30
제3장 수종별 생장 특성 33
제1절 연구 배경 및 필요성 33
제2절 연구 방법 35
3.2.1 5차 국가산림자원조사 고정표본점의 구성 35
3.2.2 5차 국가산림자원조사 목편 자료 구축 36
3.2.3 목편 자료의 선별 36
3.2.4 연령에 따른 수종별 생장 분석 39
3.2.5 Modified Mann-Kendall 분석 41
3.2.6 구배에 따른 차이 통계분석 41
제3절 연구 결과 41
3.3.1 연간 강수량 및 기온 변화 41
3.3.2 수종별 공간 분포에 대한 기온, 강수량, 밀도의 영향 44
3.3.3 수종별 생장 특성 53
3.3.4 강수, 온도 그리고 밀도 구배에 따른 수종별 BAI 55
3.3.5 생장 경향 분석 63
제4절 고찰 65
3.4.1 공간 분포에 따른 접근 65
3.4.2 시간 흐름에 따른 접근 71
제5절 결론 72
제4장 수종별 고사율 특성 74
제1절 연구 배경 및 필요성 74
제2절 연구 방법 75
4.2.1 5~7차 국가산림자원조사 고정표본점의 구성 76
4.2.2 국가산림자원조사 고정표본점의 선별 76
4.2.3 고사목의 추정 76
4.2.4 고사율의 계산 82
4.2.5 표본점 단위 특성 인자의 계산 83
제3절 연구 결과 86
4.3.1 고사목 분포 특성 86
4.3.2 지형 인자에 따른 수종별 입목과 고사목의 분포 92
4.3.3 기후 인자에 따른 수종별 입목과 고사목의 분포 97
4.3.4 경쟁에 따른 수종별 입목과 고사목의 분포 102
제4절 고찰 106
4.4.1 지형 특성에 따른 수종별 고사율 106
4.4.2 경쟁 특성에 따른 수종별 고사율 106
4.4.3 기후 특성에 따른 수종별 고사율 109
제5절 결론 112
제5장 종합결론 113
참 고 문 헌 116
Abstract 155
표 차례
Table 1 History of the Korean forest inventory survey. 5
Table 2 The number of permanent sample plots surveyed in NFI 5th-7th. 13
Table 3 Species-specific wood density and allometric equation parameters for stem biomass. 18
Table 4 Alternative species list for undeveloped allometric equation species. 20
Table 5 Changes in populations of the top 19 most common species by survey order, and the rate of change compared to the previous survey order. 22
Table 6 The number of species-specific tree-rings sample used in the growth analysis. 38
Table 7 The example of results of matching trees considered to be the same in permanent sample plot 1041361 from 5th and 6th national forest inventory (NFI) data. 80
Table 8 Misidentification of some species in the genus Prunus 81
Table 9 The number of alive and dead trees each period by diameter range, the number of changed trees, and the rate of change. 91
Appendix table 1 The number of trees recorded in each NFI survey order and the number of changed trees of each period. 134
그림 차례
Figure 1 Structure of survey plot of Korean national forest inventory (NFI) since 5th NFI. The elevation map of Republic of Korea (A), location of survey plots in Seoul (B), diagram of survey composition in a cluster plot for NFI (C). 9
Figure 2 Changes in the total number of trees (A) and species (B) recorded in each survey consecutive survey order (NFI 5th, NFI 6th, NFI 7th). 21
Figure 3 Changes in stand density (A), forest stock (B), average species diversity, dominance, evenness, richness index (C) in consecutive survey order (NFI 5th, NFI 6th, NFI 7th). 25
Figure 4 The degree of change in the life history traits of each plot was expressed as annual mean growth rates of change. 27
Figure 5 List of the dominant species in Korea and relative abundance of that species. 32
Figure 6 Diagram of Regional Curve Standardization (RCS) method to remove signals derived from tree age and tree size. 40
Figure 7 Changes in annual mean temperature (A), CV of temperature (B), and annual precipitation (C) from 1981 to 2009 in plots collected tree rings. Geographical distribution of tree-ring series with annual mean climate variables during the same time period (D, E, F). 43
Figure 8 Specific-species distribution of tree-ring series by aspect which is a topographical characteristic factor. 46
Figure 9 Specific-species distribution of tree-ring series by slope which is a topographical characteristic factor. 47
Figure 10 Specific-species distribution of tree-ring series by altitude which is a topographical characteristic factor. 48
Figure 11 Species-specific geographical distribution of tree-ring samples along annual mean temperature 50
Figure 12 Species-specific geographical distribution of tree-ring samples along co-variance of temperature. 51
Figure 13 Species-specific geographical distribution of tree-ring samples along annual mean precipitation. 52
Figure 14 Species-specific basal area increment (BAI) with tree age represented by smooth spline 54
Figure 15 Mean annual growth of Pinus densiflora by age according to the gradients of the mean annual precipitation (P.avg, ), mean annual temperature (T.avg, ) and plot density (plot.den, trees ha-1) for 30 years from 1981 to 2009. 57
Figure 16 Mean annual growth of Quercus mongolica by age according to the gradients of the mean annual precipitation (P.avg, ), mean annual temperature (T.avg, ) and plot density (plot.den, trees ha-1) for 30 years from 1981 to 2009 58
Figure 17 Mean annual growth of Quercus variabilis by age according to the gradients of the mean annual precipitation (P.avg, ), mean annual temperature (T.avg, ) and plot density (plot.den, trees ha-1) for 30 years from 1981 to 2009. 59
Figure 18 Mean annual growth of Quercus serrata by age according to the gradients of the mean annual precipitation (P.avg, ), mean annual temperature (T.avg, ) and plot density (plot.den, trees ha-1) for 30 years from 1981 to 2009 60
Figure 19 Mean annual growth of Pinus thunbergii by age according to the gradients of the mean annual precipitation (P.avg, ), mean annual temperature (T.avg, ) and plot density (plot.den, trees ha-1) for 30 years from 1981 to 2009 61
Figure 20 Mean annual growth of Fraxinus rhynchophylla by age according to the gradients of the mean annual precipitation (P.avg, ), mean annual temperature (T.avg, ) and plot density (plot.den, trees ha-1) for 30 years from 1981 to 2009 62
Figure 21 Species-specific growth trends from 1981 to 2009 for 6 species. 64
Figure 22 Temperature heat map. 67
Figure 23 Precipitation heat map. 68
Figure 24 Plot density heat map. 70
Figure 25 Examples of the maximum allowable growth rate (A), Examples of the allowance for bark shrinkage-induced diameter reduction (B) 78
Figure 26 Histogram of mortality rate and log transformed mortality rate. 86
Figure 27 The number of alive trees, the number of dead trees, and mortality rate by diameter class. 88
Figure 28 The number of alive trees, the number of dead trees, and mortality rate by diameter class. 90
Figure 29 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species by aspect during 1st period (NFI 5th-6th). 94
Figure 30 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species by slope during 1st period (NFI 5th-6th). 95
Figure 31 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species by altitude during 1st period (NFI 5th-6th). 96
Figure 32 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species during 1st period (NFI 5th-6th) by annual mean precipitation for the previous 5 years from the survey year. 99
Figure 33 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species during 1st period (NFI 5th-6th) by annual mean temperature for the previous 5 years from the survey year. 100
Figure 34 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species by moisture index during 1st period (NFI 5th-6th). 101
Figure 35 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species by stand quadratic mean diameter during 1st period (NFI 5th-6th). 103
Figure 36 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species by stand density during 1st period (NFI 5th-6th). 104
Figure 37 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species by competition index during 1st period (NFI 5th-6th). 105
Figure 38 Mean DBH of dead trees during 1st period (NFI 5th-6th) by competition index. 108
Figure 39 Mean DBH of dead trees during 1st period (NFI 5th-6th) by moisture index. 111
Appendix
Appendix figure 1 Plot density heat map with same range as growth pattern analysis. 145
Appendix figure 2 Growth trend of Larix kaempferi, Pinus koraiensis, and Robinia pseudoacacia. 145
Appendix figure 3 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species by aspect during 2nd period (NFI 6th-7th). 146
Appendix figure 4 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species by slope during 2nd period (NFI 6th-7th). 147
Appendix figure 5 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species by altitude during 2nd period (NFI 6th-7th). 148
Appendix figure 6 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species during 2nd period (NFI 6th-7th) by annual mean precipitation for the previous 5 years from the survey year. 149
Appendix figure 7 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species during 2nd period (NFI 6th-7th) by annual mean temperature for the previous 5 years from the survey year. 150
Appendix figure 8 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species by moisture index during 2nd period (NFI 6th-7th). 151
Appendix figure 9 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species by stand quadratic mean diameter during 2nd period (NFI 6th-7th). 152
Appendix figure 10 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species by stand density during 2nd period (NFI 6th-7th). 153
Appendix figure 11 Distribution of standing and dead trees of six species by competition index during 2nd period (NFI 6th-7th). 154