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In the interpretation of Hosea 4 we face the crucial issue of separating verses 1-3 and 4-19. As we have seen before, verses 1-3 are not in the form of lawsuit. If verses 1-3 can be viewed as common debate or criticism rather than a lawsuit, it follows that we find little basis to separate verses 1-3 and 4-19. Therefore chapter 4 will be treated as a single unit of interpretation.
The issue of greatest importance in chapter 4 is the meaning of the phrase "to commit fornication" and a whether or not chapter 4 is a critique of the priest.
First, the debate regarding the "priest" has been as follows. Although verses 4-9 have been regarded as a judgment speech against the priest and his rites this has been proven wrong. The word "priest" appears in verses 4, 6, and 9 but it is neither directed at nor a critique of the priest himself. In fact, chapter 4 overall is a continued address directed to the people of Israel.
"To commit fornication" is often used in the Old Testament as a term describing idolatry (Exodus 34: 15-16). Moreover, "to commit fornication" with foreign idols is not only a religious act but an act of international proportions. It refers to anti￢Assyrian acts of revolt in the vein of Shalum and Pekah in the latter part of 8th century B.c. A more detailed look shows that "to commit fornication" is to break a treaty made under the name of Yahweh and enter into an anti-Assyrian alliance, and to plot rebellion.
Hosea's lamentation was not limited to the spread of idolatry or the corruption of priests and prophets. His critique is broader, aimed at political and military factors and societal changes. Ideas on the separation of state and religion may exist today but the prophets and the entire Old Testament do not advocate such a view. God is ruler over the present and takes into account not only religion but other areas of life.
Hosea, faced with a chaotic social situation in which rebellion, deceit, robbery and murder were rampant and the general population lived under severe duress, takes the view that the lack of “knowledge of God”(verse 1) is a basic problem. His opinion is that a lack of respect for God, and straying from God's word and path is the reason behind these social problems.
However Hosea does not prescribe a treatment of prayer or offerings at the temple. Conversely, Hosea advises against visiting large temples such as Gilgal or Beth-el. “Do not come to Gilgal, nor go up to Beth-aven…”(verse 15) This warning is based on the fact that Gilgal was the temple of the anti-Assyrian Pekah and Beth-aver; was a mocking version of Beth-el and an important temple of the Northern Kingdoam of Israel, an anti-Assyrian league member. His warning is not only a warning against religious decay, it is a political statement against actions possibly leading to civil war. Fundamentally, Hosea is proclaiming the anti-Assyrian revolt to be against God's will and persuading others to understand God's true will.
Hosea's prophesy is not a simple critique of general idolatry. It is a time-specific statement made in the midst of a revolt that shows Hosea's condemnation of current events. We take the view that Hosea made this prophesy in the year 747 B. C, when the Jehu dynasty, including Zechariah, was slaughtered by Shalum's revolt. Also, Hosea was strongly critiquing the rise of Pekah, which had formed a new government on the east of Jordan and enlarging its territorial boundaries.
The issue of greatest importance in chapter 4 is the meaning of the phrase "to commit fornication" and a whether or not chapter 4 is a critique of the priest.
First, the debate regarding the "priest" has been as follows. Although verses 4-9 have been regarded as a judgment speech against the priest and his rites this has been proven wrong. The word "priest" appears in verses 4, 6, and 9 but it is neither directed at nor a critique of the priest himself. In fact, chapter 4 overall is a continued address directed to the people of Israel.
"To commit fornication" is often used in the Old Testament as a term describing idolatry (Exodus 34: 15-16). Moreover, "to commit fornication" with foreign idols is not only a religious act but an act of international proportions. It refers to anti￢Assyrian acts of revolt in the vein of Shalum and Pekah in the latter part of 8th century B.c. A more detailed look shows that "to commit fornication" is to break a treaty made under the name of Yahweh and enter into an anti-Assyrian alliance, and to plot rebellion.
Hosea's lamentation was not limited to the spread of idolatry or the corruption of priests and prophets. His critique is broader, aimed at political and military factors and societal changes. Ideas on the separation of state and religion may exist today but the prophets and the entire Old Testament do not advocate such a view. God is ruler over the present and takes into account not only religion but other areas of life.
Hosea, faced with a chaotic social situation in which rebellion, deceit, robbery and murder were rampant and the general population lived under severe duress, takes the view that the lack of “knowledge of God”(verse 1) is a basic problem. His opinion is that a lack of respect for God, and straying from God's word and path is the reason behind these social problems.
However Hosea does not prescribe a treatment of prayer or offerings at the temple. Conversely, Hosea advises against visiting large temples such as Gilgal or Beth-el. “Do not come to Gilgal, nor go up to Beth-aven…”(verse 15) This warning is based on the fact that Gilgal was the temple of the anti-Assyrian Pekah and Beth-aver; was a mocking version of Beth-el and an important temple of the Northern Kingdoam of Israel, an anti-Assyrian league member. His warning is not only a warning against religious decay, it is a political statement against actions possibly leading to civil war. Fundamentally, Hosea is proclaiming the anti-Assyrian revolt to be against God's will and persuading others to understand God's true will.
Hosea's prophesy is not a simple critique of general idolatry. It is a time-specific statement made in the midst of a revolt that shows Hosea's condemnation of current events. We take the view that Hosea made this prophesy in the year 747 B. C, when the Jehu dynasty, including Zechariah, was slaughtered by Shalum's revolt. Also, Hosea was strongly critiquing the rise of Pekah, which had formed a new government on the east of Jordan and enlarging its territorial boundaries.
목차
Ⅰ. 호세아 4장의 구조와 양식
Ⅱ. 호세아 4장 번역
Ⅲ. 4-9절은 제사장에 대한 비평인가?
Ⅳ. ‘음행’의 의미와 국제정세
Ⅴ. 결론
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