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초록· 키워드
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After Qian Qin(前秦) collapsed, the Tuobabu(拓跋部) returned to Sanxi(山西) only to confront with people in Hebei(河北), a completely different region from theirs. Their first choice was physical conflicts including war and the next one was to construct roads between the two regions and make cultural exchanges with people in Hebel, In such processes, they found the problems with existing detoured roads connecting the two regions. In those days, there were three detoured roads that connected Sanxi and Hebei regions. They were the road that passed though Shanggu(上谷) or Feihukou (飛狐口) in the northern part of Hebei and led to Hebei Plain(河北平原) and the road that went over Jingxing(井?) or Fukouxing(?口?) in the southern part of Sanxi and led to Hebei, Those roads went over the Taixing mountain range(太行山脈) in any way, and thus were not flattened. Especially, as Tuobabu were mostly horse soldiers, they had lots of difficulties going over steep natural stronghold, Koushui(?水), and Yougdingxia(永定河). The construction of roads after Tuobabu's military expedition reduced differences between Sanxi and Hebei regions, and between a nomadic tribe and an agricultural tribe.
One of the problems the Northern wei kingdom faced after it conquered Hebei region was the revolt of the people in the area. In order to handle the revolt, Northern wei practiced military rule over the people temporarily. It was practiced indirectly by making use of the military authorities, Xingtai(行臺), and Chinese heros(漢人 豪强) in the region. There was also latent resentment among the former Houyan(後燕) people. In response to such potential resentment, the government decided to construct Zhi road(直道). People living in the precincts of Hebei region were forcefully moved to jingshi(京師) area along Zhi road, and those who belonged to the military authorities and Xingtai used the road to reach Hebei from Sarod. Strictly speaking, the road was not the shortest route connecting the two regions. It was the one completed by repairing and combining an existing route with Zhongshancheng(中山城). The reparation of Zhi road became the starting point for Northern wei's conquering and ruling over Hebei region.
As people in the precincts of Hebei region moved to jing shi, the population of jing shi area surged. As famine and other natural disasters frequently took place, natural and geographical conditions around jing shi area got deteriorated. This could limit the jurisdiction of Tuoba's emperor. That was because much part of jing shi Ping cheng(平城) was built along the northwestern area of the river, and therefore was hardly able to become economically independent. Under such conditions, Northern wei waged a war in its southern part against Liusong(劉宋) who had a goal of conquering the north. It was at the time when Northern wei opened Shatian road(莎泉道), which was related to the procurement of armaments at local areas and its peculiar way of waging a war, in which the emperor directed the battle at the forefront.
In those days, taxes were collected in Hebei and other regions under the supervision of provincial governors and directly transported to battlegrounds or strategically important spots. The emperor indirectly involved in such process by supervising provincial governors during his travel. He also traveled his nation in order to secure armament, collect taxes, and relieve resentment among people in the newly conquered region. The opening of Shatian road was attributed to the peculiarities of Northern wei society. It well showed the way the emperor's ruling reached people in the precinct of Hebei region. People from Dingzhu(定州), located in the central part of Hebei, were mobilized for public works. The opening of Shatian road made it possible to collect taxes from people in Dingzhu. As a result, Tuoba emperor's ruling could reach people in Hebei region.
Lingkou road(靈丘道) repaired in the sixth year of Taihe(太和) era was a road that passed through Lingkou, the strategically important traffic spot, located between jingshi and Hebei regions. It was not a newly built road. In addition, unlike Shatian road, it was not frequently used for the emperor's travel or expedition to Hebei region around its reparation. During the Taihe era, natural disasters including famine continued and people in Hebei region were also hit by such disasters. Securing people who paid taxes in counties, storing harvested crops, and the government's vigorous involvements in such processes could be solutions for such disasters. Under these circumstances, Lingkou road was repaired.
Xiaowendi(孝文帝), instead of traveling frequently to collect people' opinions, put his efforts on constructing buildings which symbolized the central government's ruling power and expressed the nation's respect for Confucianism. It was his envoys that consoled people in feminine areas. The government practiced a relief system called 'Kaicangzhenxu'(開倉賑血) which was in line with the system that transported taxes collected from Hebei region to battlegrounds or strategically important spots. For this, the government repaired and extended some routes of Feihu road(飛狐道). Lingkou road was the one constructed through such reparation. Although there was no doubt that Lingkou area was an important traffic spot, Lingkou road was completed to offset the high transport costs of products and people caused by rough land. After the completion of Lingkou road, the government discussed the feminine solutions based on completed Lingkou road. The solutions including the construction of a warehouse for agricultural crops in Lingkou area were mostly related to storing food. This was a manifestation of the government's willingness to involve in resolving feminine problems more deeply by increasing accessibility to jing shi area. The completion of Lingkou road was both the establishment of a network connecting the entire nation under the emperor's rule based on jing shi Ping cheng and the symbolization of smooth rule over Hebei region.
Even before Northern wei, people traveled between Sanxi and Hebei regions through the above roads. However, during the Northern wei era, it became necessary to make some changes to the existing roads due to the peculiarity of Northern wei society. Shatian road was opened around the outbreak of the war against the South. 2hi road and Lingkou road were completed by extending or repairing existing roads for the smooth transport of people and products. Unlike Zhi road which was completed by soldiers after conquering Houyan, Shatian road was constructed by people in the precinct of Hebei region. People who labored on the construction of the road were partly exempt from taxes. Northern wei's rule over Hebei region was increasingly being reinforced under the lead of the central government.
Although Northern wei captured the agricultural area and came to rule the agricultural tribe by conquering Hebei region, they chose to interact with the agricultural tribe using their skills, rather than repressing the tribe. They constructed roads to transport soldiers and food and interact with various tribes in other areas. Ultimately, Northern wei wanted to build a network for the emperor's strong ruling, beyond the connection between Sanxi and Hebei, Behind this was Tuobabu's intention to enhance its influence in its region, Sanxi, and develop Hebei as their hinterland.
One of the problems the Northern wei kingdom faced after it conquered Hebei region was the revolt of the people in the area. In order to handle the revolt, Northern wei practiced military rule over the people temporarily. It was practiced indirectly by making use of the military authorities, Xingtai(行臺), and Chinese heros(漢人 豪强) in the region. There was also latent resentment among the former Houyan(後燕) people. In response to such potential resentment, the government decided to construct Zhi road(直道). People living in the precincts of Hebei region were forcefully moved to jingshi(京師) area along Zhi road, and those who belonged to the military authorities and Xingtai used the road to reach Hebei from Sarod. Strictly speaking, the road was not the shortest route connecting the two regions. It was the one completed by repairing and combining an existing route with Zhongshancheng(中山城). The reparation of Zhi road became the starting point for Northern wei's conquering and ruling over Hebei region.
As people in the precincts of Hebei region moved to jing shi, the population of jing shi area surged. As famine and other natural disasters frequently took place, natural and geographical conditions around jing shi area got deteriorated. This could limit the jurisdiction of Tuoba's emperor. That was because much part of jing shi Ping cheng(平城) was built along the northwestern area of the river, and therefore was hardly able to become economically independent. Under such conditions, Northern wei waged a war in its southern part against Liusong(劉宋) who had a goal of conquering the north. It was at the time when Northern wei opened Shatian road(莎泉道), which was related to the procurement of armaments at local areas and its peculiar way of waging a war, in which the emperor directed the battle at the forefront.
In those days, taxes were collected in Hebei and other regions under the supervision of provincial governors and directly transported to battlegrounds or strategically important spots. The emperor indirectly involved in such process by supervising provincial governors during his travel. He also traveled his nation in order to secure armament, collect taxes, and relieve resentment among people in the newly conquered region. The opening of Shatian road was attributed to the peculiarities of Northern wei society. It well showed the way the emperor's ruling reached people in the precinct of Hebei region. People from Dingzhu(定州), located in the central part of Hebei, were mobilized for public works. The opening of Shatian road made it possible to collect taxes from people in Dingzhu. As a result, Tuoba emperor's ruling could reach people in Hebei region.
Lingkou road(靈丘道) repaired in the sixth year of Taihe(太和) era was a road that passed through Lingkou, the strategically important traffic spot, located between jingshi and Hebei regions. It was not a newly built road. In addition, unlike Shatian road, it was not frequently used for the emperor's travel or expedition to Hebei region around its reparation. During the Taihe era, natural disasters including famine continued and people in Hebei region were also hit by such disasters. Securing people who paid taxes in counties, storing harvested crops, and the government's vigorous involvements in such processes could be solutions for such disasters. Under these circumstances, Lingkou road was repaired.
Xiaowendi(孝文帝), instead of traveling frequently to collect people' opinions, put his efforts on constructing buildings which symbolized the central government's ruling power and expressed the nation's respect for Confucianism. It was his envoys that consoled people in feminine areas. The government practiced a relief system called 'Kaicangzhenxu'(開倉賑血) which was in line with the system that transported taxes collected from Hebei region to battlegrounds or strategically important spots. For this, the government repaired and extended some routes of Feihu road(飛狐道). Lingkou road was the one constructed through such reparation. Although there was no doubt that Lingkou area was an important traffic spot, Lingkou road was completed to offset the high transport costs of products and people caused by rough land. After the completion of Lingkou road, the government discussed the feminine solutions based on completed Lingkou road. The solutions including the construction of a warehouse for agricultural crops in Lingkou area were mostly related to storing food. This was a manifestation of the government's willingness to involve in resolving feminine problems more deeply by increasing accessibility to jing shi area. The completion of Lingkou road was both the establishment of a network connecting the entire nation under the emperor's rule based on jing shi Ping cheng and the symbolization of smooth rule over Hebei region.
Even before Northern wei, people traveled between Sanxi and Hebei regions through the above roads. However, during the Northern wei era, it became necessary to make some changes to the existing roads due to the peculiarity of Northern wei society. Shatian road was opened around the outbreak of the war against the South. 2hi road and Lingkou road were completed by extending or repairing existing roads for the smooth transport of people and products. Unlike Zhi road which was completed by soldiers after conquering Houyan, Shatian road was constructed by people in the precinct of Hebei region. People who labored on the construction of the road were partly exempt from taxes. Northern wei's rule over Hebei region was increasingly being reinforced under the lead of the central government.
Although Northern wei captured the agricultural area and came to rule the agricultural tribe by conquering Hebei region, they chose to interact with the agricultural tribe using their skills, rather than repressing the tribe. They constructed roads to transport soldiers and food and interact with various tribes in other areas. Ultimately, Northern wei wanted to build a network for the emperor's strong ruling, beyond the connection between Sanxi and Hebei, Behind this was Tuobabu's intention to enhance its influence in its region, Sanxi, and develop Hebei as their hinterland.
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 太行 橫間路의 存在와 그 問題點
Ⅲ. 直道와 人口 移動
Ⅳ. 莎泉道와 巡幸ㆍ親征
Ⅴ. 靈丘道와 ‘居重馭輕’政策
Ⅵ. 맺음말
〈Abstract〉
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