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This essay has tried to verify a plan and the result of the Nationalist in preparing for an anti-Japanese war through a study of Chinese defense construction before the Sino-Japanese war. First, I studied the military strategies of the Nationalist when threatened by the Japanese in the 1930's. Next, I analyzed three dimensions of the defense construction: army reform and strength of war potential, military education and training, and construction of strategies rear base.
First of all, this essay shows that while the Nationalist did negotiation police with japan according to the ‘first pacify the country, then resist foreign enemies’ policy after the Manchuria Incident, the Nationalists were also prepared for war against Japan. The Nationalist military had already devised a definite strategy against Japan by the mid 1930's. The Nationalist army staff headquarters had two types of operation plans; one in case of Japanese war with Chinese and the second in case of war with the United States or the Soviet Union. Essentially, these plans give shape to ‘prolonged strategy’ toward Japan, they also made another offensive plan after the success of the early defense phase.
Though the Nationalist planned a ‘prolonged strategy’ against the Japanese, they first of all needed a centralized army and the strength for a potential war. First in the organization of military structure, Nationalist, after the 1932 Shanghai Incident, reestablished Military Affair Conference and pushed ahead the centralization of military organization, established Military Defense Conference and took charge of defense work. This system gave rise to an effect of war time command control.
The Nationalist originally planned sixty central divisions reorganized into a standing army and sixty province divisions reorganized into a reserve army. Though the provincial army never came into being as a relief from war, the central army accomplished a total of thirty divisions. This reorganized central army is fashioned after the Germany army as a result of the influence of a German adviser group. The construction of the Navy was unable to be pushed ahead due to a shortage of finance, but the Nationalist gave considerable effort to structuring the Air Force.
The Nationalist considered the education of the military office to be of great importance. There were phrase in the education of a Nationalist military officer: central officer middle school, branch school, and an army college. This education resulted in getting out of the private war lord period and establishing a western style army.
Also, this essay has focused on civilian military training of the Nationalist for an anti-Japanese war. This military training was accomplished in three parts: military school training, social military, and physical education. This training gave the Nationalist the opportunity to mobilize their people and take part in the war.
Without war industries and rear base, it would not be possible to implement the war strategies because of China's long-term goals. So, the Nationalist expanded and improved upon their munition factories while upgrading their war industry factories. They also prepared for long-term war by constructing some rear bases around Sichuan.
At the time of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the military reforms begun 1935 required at least a further three years to complete. The basis had been laid for a domestic arms industry, but factories had not yet begun actual production. Arms shipments from Germany had begun to arrive, but Nationalists armies had not much opportunity to train with them and most delivers were yet to come. Although the military power of China was inferior to Japanese, but it would be no doubt that the defense structure of Nationalists improved the warfare ability of Nationalists army.
First of all, this essay shows that while the Nationalist did negotiation police with japan according to the ‘first pacify the country, then resist foreign enemies’ policy after the Manchuria Incident, the Nationalists were also prepared for war against Japan. The Nationalist military had already devised a definite strategy against Japan by the mid 1930's. The Nationalist army staff headquarters had two types of operation plans; one in case of Japanese war with Chinese and the second in case of war with the United States or the Soviet Union. Essentially, these plans give shape to ‘prolonged strategy’ toward Japan, they also made another offensive plan after the success of the early defense phase.
Though the Nationalist planned a ‘prolonged strategy’ against the Japanese, they first of all needed a centralized army and the strength for a potential war. First in the organization of military structure, Nationalist, after the 1932 Shanghai Incident, reestablished Military Affair Conference and pushed ahead the centralization of military organization, established Military Defense Conference and took charge of defense work. This system gave rise to an effect of war time command control.
The Nationalist originally planned sixty central divisions reorganized into a standing army and sixty province divisions reorganized into a reserve army. Though the provincial army never came into being as a relief from war, the central army accomplished a total of thirty divisions. This reorganized central army is fashioned after the Germany army as a result of the influence of a German adviser group. The construction of the Navy was unable to be pushed ahead due to a shortage of finance, but the Nationalist gave considerable effort to structuring the Air Force.
The Nationalist considered the education of the military office to be of great importance. There were phrase in the education of a Nationalist military officer: central officer middle school, branch school, and an army college. This education resulted in getting out of the private war lord period and establishing a western style army.
Also, this essay has focused on civilian military training of the Nationalist for an anti-Japanese war. This military training was accomplished in three parts: military school training, social military, and physical education. This training gave the Nationalist the opportunity to mobilize their people and take part in the war.
Without war industries and rear base, it would not be possible to implement the war strategies because of China's long-term goals. So, the Nationalist expanded and improved upon their munition factories while upgrading their war industry factories. They also prepared for long-term war by constructing some rear bases around Sichuan.
At the time of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, the military reforms begun 1935 required at least a further three years to complete. The basis had been laid for a domestic arms industry, but factories had not yet begun actual production. Arms shipments from Germany had begun to arrive, but Nationalists armies had not much opportunity to train with them and most delivers were yet to come. Although the military power of China was inferior to Japanese, but it would be no doubt that the defense structure of Nationalists improved the warfare ability of Nationalists army.
목차
머리말
Ⅰ. 국방건설의 배경 : 일본의 위협과 중국의 군사력 열세
Ⅱ. 對日군사전략의 수립
Ⅲ. 군사조직의 개편과 전력증강
Ⅳ. 장교양성과 국민군사훈련
Ⅴ. 군수산업 육성과 전략후방기지 건설
맺음말
참고문헌 (51)
참고문헌 신청
1. [단행본] - 이승휘 / 1989 / 抗日戰爭. in: 강좌중국사 Ⅶ / 지식산업사 : 197 ~ 199
2. [학술대회논문] - 정토웅 / 2006 / 군사사 연구방법에 대한 소고 / 2006년도 군사연구세미나 발표논문 : 3 ~ 4
3. [단행본] - 中華民國國家建設叢刊編纂委員會 / 1971 / 國家建設叢刊 第4冊, 國防軍事建設 / 正中書局
4. [단행본] - 劉鳳翰 / 1981 / 戰前的陸軍整編. in: 抗戰前十年國家建設史硏討會論文集 下冊 / 中央硏究員近代史硏究所會議室
5. [단행본] - 敎育部主 / 1999 / 中華民國建國史 第二編. in: 統一國家建設 二 / 國立編譯館
2. [학술대회논문] - 정토웅 / 2006 / 군사사 연구방법에 대한 소고 / 2006년도 군사연구세미나 발표논문 : 3 ~ 4
3. [단행본] - 中華民國國家建設叢刊編纂委員會 / 1971 / 國家建設叢刊 第4冊, 國防軍事建設 / 正中書局
4. [단행본] - 劉鳳翰 / 1981 / 戰前的陸軍整編. in: 抗戰前十年國家建設史硏討會論文集 下冊 / 中央硏究員近代史硏究所會議室
5. [단행본] - 敎育部主 / 1999 / 中華民國建國史 第二編. in: 統一國家建設 二 / 國立編譯館
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