이 연구에서는 사천 방언과 남해 방언의 성조 체계를 비교했다. 유표성 이론과 2분법, 그리고 중화와 대립에 근거를 둔 방점법이라는 성조 이론으로 사천 방언과 남해 방언의 방점과 방점형의 체계를 다음과 같이 세웠다.
이 두 방언에서 성조는 평성 (口), 측성으로 2분되고, 측성은 다시 거성 (ㆍ口), 상성(:口)으로 2분되는 3성조 체계이다. 평생은 중화력이 약하고, 측성은 중화력이 강하다. 두 방언에서 다 중화력이 약한 평성 뒤에서는 거성과 상성이 측성 (ㆍ口)으로 중화되고, 중화력이 강한 측성(곧, 거성, 상성, 측성) 뒤에서 모든 성조가 측성 (ㆍ口)으로 중화된다. 성조들의 이러한 중화력으로 말마암아 n음절로 이루어지는 최종 성조형은 n+2개 존재한다. 곧 거성형 1개, 상성형 1개, 평측형 n개이다. 이 두 방언에는 서남부 경남 방언의 특징이라 할 수 있는 순행 평성동화가 특별히 활발하게 일어나는 공통된 특징이다.
거성형과 상성형의 음조형은 선행 연구들의 결과와 큰 차이가 없으나, 남해 방언의 평측형(H₂Mⁿ) 의 으뜸 변이형이 [H₂Mⁿ]과 [H₁HMⁿ]으로 임의 변이한다는 것은 다른 방언들에서 볼 수 없었던 특징이다.
In this paper, I have analysed and described the tonemic systems of Sacheon Dialect and Namhae Dialect contrastively based on the side-dot theory 'a tonological theory' established by Chagyun Gim (1998, 1999, 2003, etc-) and improved by Sejin Gim(2004). These two dialects belong to south-western Gyeongnam dialect group.
The two dialects have three tones system as the other southwestern Gyeongnam dialects. According to the theory Korean dialects have binary system: Tones are divided into unmarked 'plain, pyeongseong' tone and marked 'cheukseng' tone(s). When a dialect has two marked tones, they are divided into the simple level departing 'geoseong' tone and the long or long-rising 'sangseong' tone. The three tones are symbolized as □,ㆍ□, and :□ respectively. Every Korean tone exerts weak or strong neutralizing force upon the tone along behind it. Pyeongseong □ neutralizes geoseongㆍ□ and sangseong :□ as one dotㆍ□. Chueukseong-comprising geoseong and sangseong-neutralize all kind of tones as one dotㆍ□. Some tone dialect can another tone named as yin-goseong ㆍ▣ or yin-sangseong :▣ which exerts also strong neutralizing force upon the tone along behind it. These yin-tones have the same property in their neutralizing force, but pitch forms initiated by them are of remarkable differences from those of alternative normal tones.
Namhae dialect has the pyeongseong(□, H), the geoseong(ㆍ□, M) and the sangseong(:□, L). However, Sacheon has the basic three tones as well as the yin-sangseong :▣. I have not considered they yin-sangseong :▣ of Sacheon dialect in this paper.
Because of neutralizing forces of Korean tones mentioned above, the kind of tonemic patters are extremely restricted. For example, five syllable tonemic words of Sacheon dialect has the seven pattern: □ㆍ□ㆍ□ㆍ□ㆍ□ (□ㆍ□⁴), □□ㆍ□ㆍ□ㆍ□ (□²ㆍ□³), □□□ㆍ□ㆍ□ (□³ㆍ□²), □□□□ㆍ□ (□⁴ㆍ□), □□□□□ (□^5), ㆍ□ㆍ□ㆍ□ㆍ□ㆍ□ (ㆍ□^5), :□ㆍ□ㆍ□ㆍ□ㆍ□ (:□^5).
Side-dot patterns can be deciphered into tonemic patterns one to one. As □ is high tone, ㆍ□ is mid tone, and :□ is low tone in Sacheon dialect and Namhae dialect, we can change □ㆍ□⁴, □²ㆍ□³, □³ㆍ□², □⁴ㆍ□, □^5, ㆍ□^5, and :□^5 into HM⁴, H²M³, H³M², H⁴M, H^5, M^5, and L^5 respectively. Tonemic representations are realized into surface pitch forms through a few tonemic rules.
(1) the pitch form realizing rules of Sacheon dialect
a. (pyeongcheuk form) H₂Mⁿ→ [MH₁Mⁿ]/ # - #
b. (geoseong form) M₂→ [HHMo]/# - #
(provided that it is not informational forcus, M²→ [MM])
c. (sangseong form) ① L₂→ [LMMo]/# - #
(sangseong form) ② [LMM₁] → [LMMMo]/# - # (optional)
(2) the pitch form realizing rules of Namhae dialect
a. (pyeongcheuk form) ① H₂Mⁿ→ [H₁HMⁿ]/ # - # (optional)
(pyeongcheuk form) ② H₂Mⁿ→ [MH₁Mⁿ]/ # - # (optional)
b. (geoseong form) ① M₂→ [HHMo]/# - #
(provided that it is not informational forcus, M²→ [MM])
(geoseong form) ② M₂→ [HHMo]/# - #
c. (sangseong form) CD L₂→ [LMMo]/# - #
(sangseong form) ② [LMM₁] → [LMMMo]/# - # (임의적)