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논문 기본 정보

자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
저널정보
한국체육교육학회 한국체육교육학회지 한국체육교육학회지 제4권 제1호
발행연도
1999.8
수록면
161 - 176 (16page)

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The purpose of this study was to describe the hormonal or endocrine system with respect to maintenance of homeostasis during both resting and exercising conditions. It was to review the effects of various exercise intensities and level of training on the release of stress hormone. Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood to alter the activity of tissues possessing receptors that can bind with the hormone. The effect a hormone exerts on a tissue is directly related to the concentration of the hormone and the number of active receptors on the tissue. Hormone concentration is determined by the rate of secretion of the hormone from the endocrine gland, the rate of inactivation or excretion of the hormone, the quantity of transport protein in the plasma, and the changes in plasma volume. The mechanisms by which hormones modify cellular activity include the alteration of membrane transport mechanisms, stimulation of DNA in the nucleus to initiate proteins in the cell by second messengers. Adenylate cyclase is activated by a variety of hormones to form cyclic AMP, which activates protein kinases in the cell. Elevations in intracellular Ca++ can activate calmodulin, which, in turn, activates protein kinases in the cell. The hypothalamus controls the activity of both the anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary glands. Releasing hormones from the hypothalaums control the secretion of most hormones from the anterior pituitary hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and move down neurons to be released. During exercise, The adrenal medulla secretes the catecholamines epinephrine(E) and norepinephrine(NE). E is the adrenal medulla`s primary secretion(80%), while NE is primarily secreted from the adrenergic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system. These hormones are involved in the regulation of metabolism and blood pressure. In addition, E is involved in the mobilization of muscle glycogen. Both E and NE increase with exercise when the intensity exceeds 50 VO₂max. Endurance training causes a marked reduction in the E and NE responses to a fixed-exercise bout. Plasma glucose is maintained during exercise by increasing liver glucose mobilization, using more plasma insulin, and the increase in plasma E, NE, GH, glucagon, and cortisol during exercise control these factors to maintain the glucose concentration. The adrenal cortes secretes aldosterone(mineralocorticoid), cortisol(glucocorticoid), and estrogens and androgens(sex steroids). Aldosterone regulates Na+ and K+ balance. Aidosterone secretion increases with strenuous exercise, driven by the resin-angiotensin system. Cortisol increases gluconeogenesis, free fatty acid mobilization, and decreases protin synthesis and glucose uptake by tissue. Work loads requiring more than 60% VO₂max cause an increase in plasema cortisol. Cortiso also responds to many types of stress. Growth hormone increases protein synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and free fatty acid mobilization, and decreases glucose entry to tissue. Growth hormone increases with protein synthesis, it has become one of the most abused drugs in athletics. Antidiuretic hormone(vasopressin) increases the reabsorption of water at the kidney. A hormone is a chemical substance secreted into the body fluids by an endocrine gland and has a specific effect on the activities of other target organs. An endocrine gland is ductless and secretes a hormone directly into the blood or lymph. The actions of hormones on target organs include: 1) activation of enzyme systems, 2) alterations of cell membrane permeability, 3) muscular conraction or relaxation, 4) protein synthesis, or 5) cellular secretion. These actions are brought about through a mechanism referred to as the syslic AMP mechanism. Some hormones have an effect only a specific target organ. This specificity is accomplished by the presence of a specific hormone receptor located within the cell membrane of the target organ.

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UCI(KEPA) : I410-ECN-0101-2015-370-002761795