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The neurotoxicity induced by L-glutamate in primary cultures of rat cortical cells could be attenuated by diterpene constituents of Ginkgo biloba leaves, ginkgolides A, B and C. At the concentration of 100 nM, ginkgolides up-regulated the activity of glutathione reductase in primary cultures of rat cortical cells exposed to 100 ${\mu}$M glutamate. Furthermore, ginkgolides increased the content of reduced glutathione in glutamate-treated cortical cells. However, ginkgolides showed little effect in reducing superoxide dismutase activity. Ginkgolides did, however, markedly block the production of malondialdehyde, a byproduct of lipid peroxidation in glutamate-treated rat cortical cells.
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