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논문 기본 정보

자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
전아연 (성균관대학교) 지성우 (성균관대학교)
저널정보
한국헌법학회 헌법학연구 헌법학연구 제25권 제4호
발행연도
2019.1
수록면
225 - 264 (40page)

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With the development of the digital economy, the cross-border flow of data ‘개인데이터’를 써야 할지, ‘개인정보’를 써야 할지 정답은 없다. 일반적으로 유럽연합 (EU) 국가들은 ‘데이터’, 즉 ‘data’를 사용하는 데 치우쳤으며, 미국은 ‘프라이버시’ 즉 ‘privacy’를 사용하며, 중국과 한국은 ‘개인정보’를 사용하는 데 치우쳤다. 이러한 차이는 첫째로, 각국 언어 자체의 차이를 떠날 수 없고 둘째로, 각국의 입법연혁과 가치취향의 영향을 받는다. 이 글의 의미는 서로 다른 것을 구분하는 데 있지 않기 때문에 이 글에서 언급한 개인데이터(personal data)나 개인정보(personal information) 등의 의미는 일치한다. has become a core issue of politics, economy and society. Cross-border flows of data, on the one hand, brings many undeniable benefits for individuals, businesses, and countries, as a result of which it’s generally believed that measures should be taken to actively promote the cross-border flows of data. On the other hand, the risks brought by cross-border data flow should not be underestimated as it is likely to cause personal information leakage, loss of corporate economic interests and national security issues. Different countries, therefore, tend to adapt various measures to limit the cross-border flow of personal data, among which the mostly referred method is the localization of data. Between the promotion of cross-border data flow and the restriction of cross-border flows, different countries have formed disparate regulatory systems based on their national conditions and the interest competition between countries, among which the United States and the European Union can be regarded as the most two representative models. Due to the involvement of multiple legal fields and the corresponding difficulty to determine its legal nature, and at the same time, the huge gap in the development stage between domestic and international law, it currently remains a challenge to reach a unified evaluation plan of cross-border flow of data from a global perspective. For the time being, the general principles adopted by countries are divided into two categories, namely the “loose” model and the “strict” model. Allowing for the long-term benefit of the domestic enterprises, the United States strongly promotes the free flow of personal data between countries. The EU, on the contrary, regards the protection of private communications and personal data as the basic human rights of citizens, and therefore adopts stricter regulations on the cross-border movement of data. At the same time, in order to promote the development of the EU digital economy, the EU actively eliminated the regulatory barriers among member states in the EU, while implementing high-standard review rules for the outside world, which expressly can be referred as “double standards for internal and external countries”. The countries represented by Korea originally adopted a regulatory system that strictly restricted the cross-border flow of data in the country. Nevertheless, with the purpose of adapting to the trend of worldwide cross-border trade, Korea chooses to establish bilateral trade cooperation systems with the United States and other countries, so that personal data can be transferred abroad with specific conditions. In addition, many countries strive to boost the formation of regional cooperation systems, hoping to facilitate the sound development of regional economies, such as the CBPRs system based on the APEC Privacy Framework. The different regulatory models for cross-border data flow reflect the benefit game between different interest groups, either for political considerations or for the maintenance of economic interests. All in all, the discussion of cross-border data flow is becoming increasingly intensified, and there is an urgent need to reach some consensus for the long-term development of all countries. In short, with the development of digitalization and the growingly close connection of the global economy, the cross-border movement of particular data has become an irreversible trend. In other words, absolute closure of the country's personal data flow is never a wise choice for country's economic development, yet countries cannot fully let go of the free flow of data at the same time. Therefore, under the premise of analyzing the existing regulatory system, countries in future years should learn from the existing relatively mature regulatory system, strengthen national negotiations, and actively promote the construction of international uniform rules.

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