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자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
김은형 (서울대학교)
저널정보
한국영어영문학회 영어영문학 영어영문학 제69권 제2호
발행연도
2023.6
수록면
233 - 264 (32page)

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Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward, 2000-1887 inspired many postbellum readers to become actively involved in various reform movements. However, the work itself ironically vindicates the individual’s passive role in its utopian vision. Bellamy‘s utopia rejects individualism as the cause of inefficiency and immorality and is structured as a highly efficient and orderly state-machine. The organizational models of the utopia—i.e., the large corporation and the army in the Gilded Age—turn each individual into a mere mechanical part of the system. On the surface, the novel presents a splendid utopia that efficiently produces and distributes national wealth, guaranteeing economic equality. Underneath the surface, however, it suggests that postbellum Americans should not behave as independent individuals but instead conform to the demands of tyrannical large corporations and the competitive market, arguing that the ruthless capitalist pursuits of efficiency will eventually enable the hierarchical capitalist society to evolve into the utopian national system of economic democracy. By representing a utopia that rejects liberal individualism and democracy for the sake of efficiency and evolution, Bellamy provides escapist fantasies for the middle class in the Gilded Age, whose individualism was shattered in the face of severe class warfare and capitalist injustice. They suffered from fear, guilt, shame, and even nervous disorders, overwhelmed by the oppressive power of large capital and fearing the influx of immigrant laborers. By condoning their inaction and powerlessness, this utopian novel ironically provided postbellum middle-class Americans with opportunities to restore their broken individualism. Consequently, it mobilized popular support for reform movements in the name of the rising national community of the United States.

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