국 문 요 약

고대 울산중산동세력에 대한 연구
한미애


삼한시대 한반도 남부지방에는 70여개의 ‘국’이 형성되어 있었다는 것을 문헌기록을 통해 확인할 수 있다. 이들 ‘국’ 중 유력한 ‘사로국(斯盧國)’, ‘백제국(伯濟國)’, ‘구야국(狗倻國)’은 이후 신라, 백제, 가야로 성장한 것으로 보고 있다. 고대국가가 형성되기 이전시기에는 각 ‘국’들이 서로 유기적인 관계를 맺으면서 수평적인 위치를 유지하고 있었다. 하지만 점차 생산을 장악하고 유통을 통제하여 경제력을 확보한 세력이 주변세력들을 누르고 정치적 권력을 차지하면서 유력세력으로 성장해 나갔다.
‘국’을 구성하고 있는 여러 세력들은 취락단위로 설명할 수 있지만 현재까지 조사된 취락만으로는 파악하기가 어렵다. 따라서 가장 많이 확인된 거대한 고분군을 통해서 이들의 존재를 파악할 수 있다고 본다. 고분군은 취락과 매우 밀접한 관련을 가지고 있으며 취락유적이 확인되는 곳은 대부분 고분군이 위치하고 있다.
울산중산동세력이 조성한 울산중산동유적은 A.D 2~7세기의 오랜 기간에 걸쳐서 축조되었고, 고분뿐만 아니라 취락, 생산유구가 다양하게 확인된다. 대규모로 유적이 형성된 점, 오랜 시간 세력을 유지하고 있었던 것으로 보아 중산동세력은 공동체적 성격을 가지는 하나의 문화권이나 영향력을 가지는 지역 중심 세력으로 볼 수 있다. 유적이 형성된 위치나 유구에서 확인되는 양상으로 보아 중산동세력은 사로국을 구성하고 있는 핵심 세력 중 하나인 것으로 판단된다.
지금까지 울산중산동세력에 대한 연구는 유적을 중심으로 이루어졌는데, 특히 발굴 당시 주목 받았던 묘제에 대한 연구가 주로 진행되었다. 이곳에서 확인된 목곽묘를 분석하여 고고학계의 최대 관심사 중 하나였던 신라묘제의 기원과 변천을 밝히는 것에 초점이 맞추어졌다. 이후 중산동에서 확인된 목곽묘는 영남지역 목곽묘 연구에서 빠질 수 없는 분석 대상이 되고 있다. 최근에는 유적을 형성한 중산동세력에 주목한다는 점이 특징이다. 중산동세력에 대해 처음으로 관심을 가졌다는 점에서 의의가 있지만 다른 세력을 연구하기 위해 부수적으로 활용하였다는 점에서 깊이 있게 다루어 진 것은 아니라고 할 수 있다.
이 논문은 중산동세력이 형성되고 발전했던 2~7세기의 울산중산동유적을 통해 이곳에 살고 있던 세력의 성격이 무엇이었는지, 그리고 이들은 신라와 어떤 관계를 맺고 발전해 나갔는지 살피고자 하는 것이 목적이다.
서론에서는 중산동유적과 세력에 대한 연구사 정리를 통해 중산동세력에 대해 연구하게 된 문제의식을 밝히고, 논문의 서술 흐름에 대해 설명하였다.
2장에서는 중산동세력이 위치하고 있는 곳의 지형과 주변에서 확인된 유적들에 대해서 살펴보았다. 중산동일대는 자원이 풍부하고, 육로와 해상과 같은 교통로가 확보되어 있어 물자의 수송이 매우 유리하다. 이러한 자연환경은 중산동세력이 성장하는데 있어 큰 영향을 미쳤던 것으로 보인다. 또한 중산동유적과 4km 떨어져 위치하는 달천철장은 중산동세력이 성장기반으로 삼았던 것을 알 수 있다. 경주내부에 위치하는 황성동세력을 통해서는 두 집단의 관련성을 파악할 수 있었다.
3장에서는 2장을 토대로 중산동세력이 가지는 성격이 무엇이며, 시기가 변함에 따라 중산동세력과 신라와의 관계가 어떻게 변화하는지 살펴보았다. 중산동세력은 사로국을 구성하는 세력 중 하나로 신라와는 이른 시기부터 매우 밀접한 관련을 맺고 있었다. 같은 위계를 가지는 지역 세력들 사이에서 유력세력이 등장하고, 그들을 통합하여 고대국가로 성장함에 있어 철은 매우 중요한 의미를 가진다. 중산동세력은 철을 생산하는 세력이었고, 또한 유리한 교통로를 이용하여 철 유통을 장악하고 부를 축적하였다. 그런 이유로 중산동세력은 사로국 구성 세력들 중에서도 높은 위계를 가졌다. 시간이 흐르면서 사로국의 중심세력이 힘을 키우게 되고 신라로 변화하면서 중산동세력은 신라의 관리와 통제의 대상이 되었다. 신라의 철 생산체계에 편입되고, 매곡동에서 측구부탄요가 다량 확인되는 것으로 보아 이전 보다 많은 양의 철을 생산했다. 이후 신라의 지방정비가 완료되는 시점에서 철 생산은 밀양이나 양산지역으로 옮겨지게 되고, 철 생산세력으로서 중산동은 없어지게 되었다. 중산동일대는 경주와 울산의 경계지점에 관문성이 축성되고 호국적 성격을 지니는 유적들이 설치되는 것으로 보아 군사?방어적 성격을 가져 신라 관문으로서 역할을 한 것으로 추정된다.

<ABSTRACT>

The study on the ancient force of Jungsan-dong, Ulsan

Han Mi Ae
Department of History and culture
Graduate school
Ulsan University

That about 70 ‘states’ had been formed in the southern area of the Korean Peninsula in the period of Three Hans is verified through the literature record. Among these ‘states’, it is considered that powerful ‘the state of Saro’, ‘the state of Baekje’ and ‘the state of Guya’ grew into Silla, Baekje and Gaya afterward. In the time before the ancient country was formed, various ‘states’ were establishing the systematic relations one another and maintaining the lateral position. However, the force which secured the economic strength by having a grip on the production and controlling the circulation, as suppressing nearby forces and winning the political power, gradually becomes to grow into the potent force.
Although various forces which were constituting ‘the state’ could be explained by the unit of settlement, it is difficult to grasp it with the settlement which was investigated till now. Thus, it is thought that through the massive tomb site which was most often confirmed, it could grasp their existence. The tomb site has a very close relevance to the settlement and generally, the tomb site is located in the place which the remains of settlement are confirmed.
The remains in Jungsan-dong, Ulsan for which the force of Jungsan-dong, Ulsan created were constructed over a long period of time from the 2nd century to the 7th century A.D. and not only the ancient tomb but also the settlement and the vestige of the production were confirmed diversely. Seeing the facts that remains were formed on a large scale and that it was maintained for a long time, it could be seen as a cultural area which had communal characteristic or as the influential central force in the region. It is considered that by the location in which remains were formed or the aspect that was confirmed through the vestige, the force of Jungsan-dong was the one among the core forces which constituted the state of Saro.
The study on the force of Jungsan-dong, Ulsan was carried out with the remains as the center, a study on the burial system which received attention at that time of excavation. It was focused on lightening the origin and the transition of Silla’s burial system which was the one of matters of primary concern for the archeologic academia by analyzing the tomb with coffin that was confirmed in this place. Afterward, the tomb with coffin which was confirmed in Jungsan-dong has been becoming the object of analysis which could not be omitted for the study on the tomb of coffin in Yeongnam region. For the studies which are carried out lately, a fact that takes note of the force of Jungsan-dong that formed the remains is distinguishing. It has significance in terms of taking an interest to the force for the first time, but seeing that it was used attendantly to conduct a study on other forces; it is not that it was covered thoughtfully.
For this study, through the remains of Jungsan-dong, Ulsan in the second to seventh century in which the force of Jungsan-dong had been formed and developed, to try to investigate about what the characteristic of force which had lived in this place was and about what relationship they had established with Silla and had grown up is the objects.
In the introduction, it notified the critical mind in which became to conduct a study on the force of Jungsan-dong through organizing the history of study and explained the flow for description of thesis.
In the second chapter, it examined the topography in which the force of Jungsan-dong had been located and the remains which were confirmed in and around it. In the whole area of Jungsan-dong, as the resources are abundant and the traffic routes of land and sea routes are secured, the transportation of supplies is very advantageous. It is considered that this natural environment had a considerable effect on a thing that the force of Jungsan-dong grew up. Moreover, it could tell that the force of Jungsan-dong made Dalcheon forge which was located in the place that was 4km from Jungsan-dong remains as the base for the growth. And through the force of Hwangseong-dong which was located in the inner part of Gyeongju, it could grasp the relation between two groups.
In the third chapter, on the basis of second chapter, it examined about what characteristic the force of Jungsan-dong had and about how the relation between the force of Jungsan-dong and Silla changed with the course of time. As the one of forces which constituted the state of Saro, it was establishing a very close relation with Silla from the early time. As to a thing that strong force appears among regional forces which are the same status and it grows up as the ancient country by consolidating them, the iron has a very important meaning. Jungsan-dong force was a force which produced the iron and furthermore, by using the advantageous traffic routes, they accumulated the wealth through being in control for the circulation of iron. By such a reason, it has the high grade of rank among the forces which constituted the state of Saro. Over the time, as the core force of the state of Saro developed the power and changed to Silla, the force of Jungsan-dong became the object for the management and control by Silla. It is incorporated into the production system for the iron of Silla and seeing that the charcoal kiln with side window is discovered in bulk in Maegok-dong, it produces the iron which is a large amount than before. In the time that the organization of region of Silla is completed afterward, it becomes that the production of iron was transferred to Yangsan region and Jungsan-dong as the production force of iron becomes disappeared. Seeing that in the border spot between Gyeongju and Ulsan, Gwanmunseong is fortified and the remains which have the patriotic characteristic are established, the whole area of Jungsan-dong has the military and defensive characteristics and becomes to play the role as the gateway to Silla.