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초록· 키워드
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In the20th century, China had started from the conflict between its traditional ideology and the Western cultures to be come into at that time. It means that the Confucian idea, a time-honored mental tradition of China, were faced with a serious challenge. A political disorder and a financial crisis built up a sense of crisis inside Chinese Community, especially, it was more prominent in a country village. In order to solve this state, since the latter half of the 1920's, the movement for the rural enlightenment was developed. As it was very comprehensive improving activity for rural communities and it covered a public education and a farm relief, it was heavily affected by the Western ideology like the vocational education, public education, practical education, etc.. Thus, in this circumstance which the conventional value was in adversity, Liang Shu Ming drove the trial for constructing the educational village.
This new trial aimed at accomplishing a social reform and a national revival, by way of showing creative ability, strengthening a group life, and awaking the village people. Because a regular schooling system couldn't bear these roles, it was absolutely requested to reform their education systems so as to newly organize and innovatively lead a village community. In other words, a educational renovation was supposed to enrich its educational capacity, that is, by pointing to the educational village community. The newly typed trend of a educational village was developed with a rural school of the village construction institute placed in San Dong ZouPingXian as a central pivot. The rural school took a leading role in reforming a village community as well as was operated by its village people. It taught the public how to do moral culture and home management wisely and how to govern a country and reign over the world.. As taking the meaning of the Confucian ideology modernly, it also intended to transform and enlarge the Confucian instructions, that is, the individual morals and the household ethics into the new society. In the teaching methods, education for living was effective through integrating learning, teaching and working and moral education was acted on the basis of the proper oriental ethics. The above-mentioned educational experiments designed to suitably reform the educational systems for the village community to be central to morals and to correct a fallacy of educational circles to have intensely shown a tendency to copy the Occidental style. Therefore, the point of the rural education is simply not to return a feudalistic idea but to transform the Confucianism into a concept of a communal society, putting a graft into the pragmaticism.
In order to teach the national spirit systematically, the rural school had prepared a course of moral culture. This course was composed of the three main parts; one was to teach the reasonable attitude toward life and the method of moral culture to raise the Sinocentrism based the Confucian ideology, another was to learn how to debate the practical issues of life by counselling the way to put the Chinese consciousness to practical use, and the other was to analyse their history and culture through the said above two methods. The Confucianism from of old was not merely turned into a sense of community but also recognized as the advance in an universal ideal and reason. Although the course of moral culture involved contents of a common curriculum, both were different in character. It built up the capacity of community, grafting a useful knowledge on the traditional Chinese ethic.
Several texts stressed the teaching of Confucius as a real existence to have a symbolic meaning; HumanityㆍJusticeㆍLoyaltyㆍFilial PietyㆍReverence, Knowledge, Action, Learning and Teaching, and like that. As the Confucianism was originally based on morality, it denied any artificiality and fabrication. The teaching was defined as ‘rationalism’ in China and it was also considered as the core to cultivate mind.
Consequently, his teaching was perceived not as the remaining vestiges of feudalism to overcome but as a cultural heritage of Chinese own which was natural to appreciate critically and execute newly, while there was a conflict with the Western culture. And moreover, it was considered as the most proper method to maintain the village community and sustain the family system. While the concept of Loyalty was one of the social norms to be requested a social duty and a spirit of community, Filial Piety and Reverence was a certain family ethic. At that time, the Western ideas had threatened the conventional Chinese moral culture constantly, the trial to construct the educational village, like this, was the movement for community to be united moral culture and practical education into one.
This new trial aimed at accomplishing a social reform and a national revival, by way of showing creative ability, strengthening a group life, and awaking the village people. Because a regular schooling system couldn't bear these roles, it was absolutely requested to reform their education systems so as to newly organize and innovatively lead a village community. In other words, a educational renovation was supposed to enrich its educational capacity, that is, by pointing to the educational village community. The newly typed trend of a educational village was developed with a rural school of the village construction institute placed in San Dong ZouPingXian as a central pivot. The rural school took a leading role in reforming a village community as well as was operated by its village people. It taught the public how to do moral culture and home management wisely and how to govern a country and reign over the world.. As taking the meaning of the Confucian ideology modernly, it also intended to transform and enlarge the Confucian instructions, that is, the individual morals and the household ethics into the new society. In the teaching methods, education for living was effective through integrating learning, teaching and working and moral education was acted on the basis of the proper oriental ethics. The above-mentioned educational experiments designed to suitably reform the educational systems for the village community to be central to morals and to correct a fallacy of educational circles to have intensely shown a tendency to copy the Occidental style. Therefore, the point of the rural education is simply not to return a feudalistic idea but to transform the Confucianism into a concept of a communal society, putting a graft into the pragmaticism.
In order to teach the national spirit systematically, the rural school had prepared a course of moral culture. This course was composed of the three main parts; one was to teach the reasonable attitude toward life and the method of moral culture to raise the Sinocentrism based the Confucian ideology, another was to learn how to debate the practical issues of life by counselling the way to put the Chinese consciousness to practical use, and the other was to analyse their history and culture through the said above two methods. The Confucianism from of old was not merely turned into a sense of community but also recognized as the advance in an universal ideal and reason. Although the course of moral culture involved contents of a common curriculum, both were different in character. It built up the capacity of community, grafting a useful knowledge on the traditional Chinese ethic.
Several texts stressed the teaching of Confucius as a real existence to have a symbolic meaning; HumanityㆍJusticeㆍLoyaltyㆍFilial PietyㆍReverence, Knowledge, Action, Learning and Teaching, and like that. As the Confucianism was originally based on morality, it denied any artificiality and fabrication. The teaching was defined as ‘rationalism’ in China and it was also considered as the core to cultivate mind.
Consequently, his teaching was perceived not as the remaining vestiges of feudalism to overcome but as a cultural heritage of Chinese own which was natural to appreciate critically and execute newly, while there was a conflict with the Western culture. And moreover, it was considered as the most proper method to maintain the village community and sustain the family system. While the concept of Loyalty was one of the social norms to be requested a social duty and a spirit of community, Filial Piety and Reverence was a certain family ethic. At that time, the Western ideas had threatened the conventional Chinese moral culture constantly, the trial to construct the educational village, like this, was the movement for community to be united moral culture and practical education into one.
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 鄕村敎育共同體의 理念과 實在
Ⅲ. 鄕農學校의 유교이념교육
Ⅳ. 맺음말
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