이 연구는 우리나라의 1960년대 산업화 이후 일-가족 양립정책과 관련한 기업정책이 어떻게 변화해 왔는지를 밝히기 위해 문헌조사를 통해 그 경향성을 파악하는 포괄적 분석과 대표적인 기업을 선정하여 관련문헌자료 및 노동자 심층면접을 통한 사례분석을 병행하였다. 연구결과, 우리나라 일-가족 관련 기업정책 변화는, 첫째 1960~70년대에는 일-가족 영역간 분리정책 및 일 중심의 가족친화정책 부재, 둘째 1980년대~90년대 초반에는 국가의 가족친화적 법제도 제정과 기업의 회피, 셋째 1990년대 중반~현재에는 가족친화정책 도입시도로 특징지을 수 있었다. 한편 사례기업을 분석한 결과, 첫째 여성인력 활용정책 변화는 1960년대 이래 미혼여성노동자 중심에서 1980년부터 기혼여성노동자 중심으로 옮겨가며 1990년대 후반부터는 기혼여성과 외국인 여성 및 공고 3학년생 등이 혼합되는 방식으로 변화해 왔다. 이 과정은 끊임없이 저임노동자를 찾아 온 여정이었다. 둘째 일-가족 양립정책은 산업화 이후 현재까지 거의 실시된 적이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 예컨대, 3교대 근무, 재직중 임신ㆍ출산 불허, 가족친화 프로그램의 부재 등. 반면에 사회보장보험 제공, 자녀학자금 지원 및 생활자금 대출, 각종 편의시설 제공 등을 통해 온정주의적 복지 정책을 실시하였다. 셋째 여성노동자의 일-가족 갈등에 대한 대응전략은 산업화 이후 현재에 이르기까지 거의 동일한 것으로 나타났는데, 오직 여성노동자 자신의 희생을 통해 일과 가족의 이중부담을 떠안는 방식이었다. 이처럼 산업화 이후 일반적인 일-가족 관련 기업정책은 산업화가 진전됨에 따라 변화를 시도해 온 것에 비해서 K방직은 일관되게 일-가족 양립정책 부재전략 속에서 온정주의적 복지정책과 노동력 구성 변화전략을 선택해 왔는데, 그 이유에 대해서는 앞으로 보다 심층적인 비교연구가 필요하다.
This study examines how the enterprises’ use of women labors and Work-Family Reconciliation policies have been changed since 1960, from the beginning of industrialization to 2005, in South Korea, using two different approaches. One is an archival research on journal articles, magazines, and daily newspapers to show the changes in the enterprises’ Work-family Reconciliation policies in general. The other is a case study to show the way those changes appear in a specific woman-oriented enterprise, K textile enterprise in which the majority of labors has been women and 80% out of a total of about 1,200 labors were women in 2005. The case study was conducted in two ways, analysing the monthly newspaper (1970.2-2005.12) and the history books published by K textile enterprise and interviewing three women labors and one man labor. Findings regarding the enterprises’ adaptation of Work-family Reconciliation policies in general throughout the time period can be characterized as follows: First, during 1960s-1970s, the enterprises carried out work-family segregation policies and did not take any friendly-family policy. Second, during 1980s-the early 1990s, they still did not perform any friendly-family policy although Korea state established friendly-family laws, Act on the Equal Employment for both Sexes(1987) and Infant Care Act(1991). Third, since the mid 1990s they have tried to perform friendly-family policies, such as an employer-supported childcare, a maternity leave, and a flexible work. The results from the case study on K textile enterprise show: First, K textile enterprise’s use of women labors has been changed along with the time period characterized above, as ‘single woman -oriented labors’ during 1960s-1970s, ‘married woman-oriented labors’ during 1980s-the mid 1990s, and ‘mixed labors(married women, foreign women, interns of female high school students)’ since the end of 1990s. The changes in K textile enterprise’s use of women labor seems to show its effort to seek cheaper labors for about 40 years. Second, like other enterprises in general, K textile enterprise has performed neither work-family reconciliation policies nor friendly-family programs throughout the time period where a three shifts work and a poor motherhood protection have been maintained. However, it appears that K textile enterprise has performed paternalistic welfare programs such as social insurance programs, healthcare services, dormitory, an education fund of child, and a loan housing fund. Third, lack of benefits from work -family reconciliation polices and friendly-family programs entitled by laws but not adapted by the enterprise, women labors have taken disposal strategies for solving work-family conflict over time. Without other resources for their living, women labors unavoidably have carried on a dual burden. A further research is needed to explore the conditions for the enterprises’ adaptation of work-family reconciliation policies with comparisons between K textile enterprise and others.