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The geomantic thoughts were particularly influential during the Koryo period. There was a close correlation between geomantic beliefs and the worship of spirits of mountains and streams, and changes in geomantic forces served as theoretical foundations for the royal tours and even the transfer of the capital. Thus, it seems to be a deliberate omission that the monograph section on ritual in the standard history of the Koryosa did not record the names of ritual shrines of famous mountains and streams. This article first presents a general survey of the famous places of Koryo and then explores their correlation to the ritual shrines. Through an examination of the Koryo ritual shrines where earth spirits were worshipped, we may gain an insight into the notion of space prevalent at the time.
The monograph section on geography in the Koryosa describes various developments and changes in the administrative geographical system. We also often find seemingly unrelated place names that are attached at the end of each entry. We have a list of many names of mountains. rivers. islands. and hot springs. etc.. and while the records did not categorized them as the famous places. there appears to be a close connection between these place names and the ritual shrines. Here I narrowly define the famous places as the sites where we can find important installations for special ritual functions.
The monograph sections on geography in both the Samguk sagi(History of the Three Kingdoms) and the Sejong sillok(Veritable Records of King Sejong) recorded place names of these ritual shrines quite accurately. Although the monograph section on ritual usually lists famous ritual places. the monograph of the Koryosa were extremely brief in the description of the famous mountains and omitted the place names of the ritual shrines entirely. Thus. I propose here that there was a close connection between the famous places as recorded in the Koryosa monograph on geography and the ritual shrines of mountains and streams.
Koryo period worship of the spirits of famous mountains and streams was as strong as that of the reign of King Sejong of Choson. The Choson ritual system was based on the Confucian ideal that situated Korea in East Asian World order with special emphasis on Ming China. However. the Koryo ritual system was based on Buddhist ideology that placed Koryo at the center. Buddhism believed that the core of existence transcending time and space is reincarnated or formed anew. The Assembly of Eight Prohibitions(Palgwanhoe) in Koryo was a festival that reconfirmed and rejoiced in this belief. The Koryo kings attended in person and took charge of the ritual process at the assembly held at the Pobwang Monastery affiliated with the Hwaom(Avatamsaka) School. As the Hwaom thought incorporated spirits of mountains and streams into Buddhism. the assembly can be considered a festival that combined both the Buddhist thoughts and the popular beliefs in the spirits of mountains and streams.
Koryo ritual shrines of famous mountains and streams predate Buddhism in Korea. and there is a strong element of voluntary popular beliefs in them. As the ritual shrines performed religious functions. even after Buddhism was transmitted to Korea. they were included in the Great Rituals (taesa) of Silla. When indigenous spirits of Korea were subordinated into the Hwaom thought during the Koryo period. the ritual shrines of famous mountains and streams fulfilled the social function of unifying the king and common people. Here we can also detect similarities with the investiture ceremony for State Preceptors (kuksa), who were regarded as reincarnations or personifications of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas.
The monograph section on geography in the Koryosa describes various developments and changes in the administrative geographical system. We also often find seemingly unrelated place names that are attached at the end of each entry. We have a list of many names of mountains. rivers. islands. and hot springs. etc.. and while the records did not categorized them as the famous places. there appears to be a close connection between these place names and the ritual shrines. Here I narrowly define the famous places as the sites where we can find important installations for special ritual functions.
The monograph sections on geography in both the Samguk sagi(History of the Three Kingdoms) and the Sejong sillok(Veritable Records of King Sejong) recorded place names of these ritual shrines quite accurately. Although the monograph section on ritual usually lists famous ritual places. the monograph of the Koryosa were extremely brief in the description of the famous mountains and omitted the place names of the ritual shrines entirely. Thus. I propose here that there was a close connection between the famous places as recorded in the Koryosa monograph on geography and the ritual shrines of mountains and streams.
Koryo period worship of the spirits of famous mountains and streams was as strong as that of the reign of King Sejong of Choson. The Choson ritual system was based on the Confucian ideal that situated Korea in East Asian World order with special emphasis on Ming China. However. the Koryo ritual system was based on Buddhist ideology that placed Koryo at the center. Buddhism believed that the core of existence transcending time and space is reincarnated or formed anew. The Assembly of Eight Prohibitions(Palgwanhoe) in Koryo was a festival that reconfirmed and rejoiced in this belief. The Koryo kings attended in person and took charge of the ritual process at the assembly held at the Pobwang Monastery affiliated with the Hwaom(Avatamsaka) School. As the Hwaom thought incorporated spirits of mountains and streams into Buddhism. the assembly can be considered a festival that combined both the Buddhist thoughts and the popular beliefs in the spirits of mountains and streams.
Koryo ritual shrines of famous mountains and streams predate Buddhism in Korea. and there is a strong element of voluntary popular beliefs in them. As the ritual shrines performed religious functions. even after Buddhism was transmitted to Korea. they were included in the Great Rituals (taesa) of Silla. When indigenous spirits of Korea were subordinated into the Hwaom thought during the Koryo period. the ritual shrines of famous mountains and streams fulfilled the social function of unifying the king and common people. Here we can also detect similarities with the investiture ceremony for State Preceptors (kuksa), who were regarded as reincarnations or personifications of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas.
#《高麗史》地理志
#山川壇廟
#《高麗史》禮志
#名山大川
#嶽鎭海瀆
#山川壇廟巡審別監
#壇廟
#八關會
#神話宗敎
#地理說
#Geomancy
#Geomantic Prophecy
#《History of the Koryŏ Dynasty》monograph on Geography / monograph on Ritual
#Famous Mountains and Streams of Koryŏ
#Ritual Shrines of Mountains and Streams
#Assembly of Eight Prohibitions
#Mythical Religion
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 《高麗史》地理志에 수록된 名所의 분류
Ⅲ. 名所와 山川壇廟와의 관계
Ⅳ. 《世宗實錄》壇廟와 名所와의 관계
Ⅴ. 禮志 辨祀의 名山大川에 관한 문제점
Ⅵ. 맺음말
〈ABSTRACT〉
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