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The relations between secret societies and the communist movement in China, in other words, the roles and places of secret societies in the modem revolutionary process, have engendered great interest from not only contemporary journalists but also researchers of the present time. The generally accepted belief that Chinese secret societies had organized a number of protests and collective actions against the power of Chinese state encouraged scholars to investigate the relationship between secret societies and the rise of modern revolutionary movements. Several arguments have emerged ranging from "continuity", "affinity", or "discontinuity" to "rivalry" between the two factions.
This article analyses these different discourses through a study of early communism in the northwestern region and the Gelaohui(哥老會), a secret society that have propagated from the late Qing and which attracted communists from across the region during the guerilla movements after rupture of the first united front. This empirical study illustrates that E. Hobsbawm's assertion that secret societies can not be absorbed into nor adapt themselves to a modem social movement does not apply in the case of the communist movement in northwestern China. L. Bianco's and E. Perry's theses, which contrast the secret societies' conservative and "auto-defensive"(protective) nature with the offensive and national characteristics of the revolutionary movement, take a similar perspective to Hobsbawm. But the question, I believe, is not limited to the nature of secret societies: beyond the attitudes and reactions of secret societies, the structure and mode of action of communist were inserted into their relationships.
In taking the case of the northwest of China, this article argues that it was not the secret society that adapted to the revolutionary movement, but rather it was the communists who made efforts to adapt to the peasant "subculture" which the Gelaohui organization was embedded in. The affiliation of Liu Zhidan(劉志丹), a famous local revolutionary, to the Gelaohui is a perfect example. The relations with the Gelaohui contributed greatly to the rise of the early communist movement.
Of course, we can not ignore nuances between the different echelons of inner communist party. The different attitudes that were displayed towards Gelaohui, based on party hierarchy, shows that the communist party was not monolithic, But these differences do not simply signify disorder in the party: rather they indicate that there was process of experiment taking place during the early stages of the Chinese communist movement which led to the establishment of a powerful base and the communist victory at national level.
This article analyses these different discourses through a study of early communism in the northwestern region and the Gelaohui(哥老會), a secret society that have propagated from the late Qing and which attracted communists from across the region during the guerilla movements after rupture of the first united front. This empirical study illustrates that E. Hobsbawm's assertion that secret societies can not be absorbed into nor adapt themselves to a modem social movement does not apply in the case of the communist movement in northwestern China. L. Bianco's and E. Perry's theses, which contrast the secret societies' conservative and "auto-defensive"(protective) nature with the offensive and national characteristics of the revolutionary movement, take a similar perspective to Hobsbawm. But the question, I believe, is not limited to the nature of secret societies: beyond the attitudes and reactions of secret societies, the structure and mode of action of communist were inserted into their relationships.
In taking the case of the northwest of China, this article argues that it was not the secret society that adapted to the revolutionary movement, but rather it was the communists who made efforts to adapt to the peasant "subculture" which the Gelaohui organization was embedded in. The affiliation of Liu Zhidan(劉志丹), a famous local revolutionary, to the Gelaohui is a perfect example. The relations with the Gelaohui contributed greatly to the rise of the early communist movement.
Of course, we can not ignore nuances between the different echelons of inner communist party. The different attitudes that were displayed towards Gelaohui, based on party hierarchy, shows that the communist party was not monolithic, But these differences do not simply signify disorder in the party: rather they indicate that there was process of experiment taking place during the early stages of the Chinese communist movement which led to the establishment of a powerful base and the communist victory at national level.
목차
Ⅰ. 서론
Ⅱ. 게릴라 운동의 홍기와 가로회
Ⅲ. 劉志丹과 가로회의 관계
Ⅳ. 위계질서ㆍ反變ㆍ좌경노선
Ⅴ. 결론
【부록】 회고록 목록 (지단현 당사판공실 전주임 史炳忠 수집, 縣 당사판 소장)
〈Abstract〉
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