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The purpose of this paper is to view the Ideology of universality of the Enlightment with a critical perspective, This concept having founded the French identity with the classical spirit receives considerable criticism from the philosophers of post-colonialism and post-modernism. Along with the course of time, out of the numerous values of the Enlightment, the universalism proved to be merely a mask and under the cover existed ethnocentrism and scientism Todorov, in Nous et les autres(On Human Diversity), states on the ideology of the Enlightment's universality, especially, scientism According to him, the definite perspective of scientism exists upon tragic foundations that the human race has experiences, such as, colonization, fascism and jewish genocide Todorov's thoughts on the history of French philosophy stimulate us to examine more precisely through certain Enlightment philosophers such as Condorcet, Diderot and Buffon
Condorcet, Diderot and Buffon virtually believed that the fundamental discipline of morality persisted commonly in every culture and in all tunes that men existed, meaning, within the universal reason. Such a belief led them to consider universalism bases trial to be legitimate and necessary The 'Universal State' that Condorcet had dreamt of clearly expressed the Ideology of colonization, for the noble mission of European nations was to eliminate savagery from the face of the earth and spread the civilization of Europe throughout the globe A modem colonial project as such was neither earned out in the purpose of occupation nor submission, but to integrate the colonized nations into a universal project. In the general projet, 'hegemony' and the cultural influence of hegemony that Edward Said mentioned in his Orientalism seem to hold a deep relationship According to Said, it was this cultural influence of hegemony that made the West seem absolute, naturally the leader, superior compared to any other region This is how the concept of the universality was demanded upon, justifying the conquest of colonization The myth of the noble savage m Diderot's Supplement au voyage de Bouganville (Supplement to Bouganvilles's Voyage) did not compliment the superiority of the primitive society of Tahiti rather, it claimed the superiority of European culture The presentation of primitive people freed from all Illness were simply reflected as a simple utopia not as a model that may bring influence upon the European continent Finally, the racialism inaugurated by Buffon's Histoire naturelle (Natural History) contribute to prepare the nationalist discourse of Renan The 'linguistic race' or 'the Nation as will' of Renan did not infer as absolute renunciation of determinism and racial discrimination It appeals to nationalist or culturalist discourse in order to abandon the compromising term "race", but it continues to play the role formerly assumed by racialism
The universality of the Enlightment took part in the recovery of individual liberty and equality, it's easy to see that universality acted as an ideological tool in the extensive imperialism of the West In order to re-appreciate the diversity of the numerous cultures and to awake people upon a new conscience of the Other, it is crucial that such a tradition is brought to a halt
Condorcet, Diderot and Buffon virtually believed that the fundamental discipline of morality persisted commonly in every culture and in all tunes that men existed, meaning, within the universal reason. Such a belief led them to consider universalism bases trial to be legitimate and necessary The 'Universal State' that Condorcet had dreamt of clearly expressed the Ideology of colonization, for the noble mission of European nations was to eliminate savagery from the face of the earth and spread the civilization of Europe throughout the globe A modem colonial project as such was neither earned out in the purpose of occupation nor submission, but to integrate the colonized nations into a universal project. In the general projet, 'hegemony' and the cultural influence of hegemony that Edward Said mentioned in his Orientalism seem to hold a deep relationship According to Said, it was this cultural influence of hegemony that made the West seem absolute, naturally the leader, superior compared to any other region This is how the concept of the universality was demanded upon, justifying the conquest of colonization The myth of the noble savage m Diderot's Supplement au voyage de Bouganville (Supplement to Bouganvilles's Voyage) did not compliment the superiority of the primitive society of Tahiti rather, it claimed the superiority of European culture The presentation of primitive people freed from all Illness were simply reflected as a simple utopia not as a model that may bring influence upon the European continent Finally, the racialism inaugurated by Buffon's Histoire naturelle (Natural History) contribute to prepare the nationalist discourse of Renan The 'linguistic race' or 'the Nation as will' of Renan did not infer as absolute renunciation of determinism and racial discrimination It appeals to nationalist or culturalist discourse in order to abandon the compromising term "race", but it continues to play the role formerly assumed by racialism
The universality of the Enlightment took part in the recovery of individual liberty and equality, it's easy to see that universality acted as an ideological tool in the extensive imperialism of the West In order to re-appreciate the diversity of the numerous cultures and to awake people upon a new conscience of the Other, it is crucial that such a tradition is brought to a halt
목차
Abstract
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 콩도르세의 보편적 국가
Ⅲ. 디드로와 착한 미개인의 신화
Ⅳ. 뷔퐁의 인종주의와 민족주의 담론의 전개
Ⅴ. 맺음말
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