본고는 고대 동아시아의 외교 교섭 과정을 수의 등장에서 백제의 멸망까지의 시기에 한정하여 당시의 해상 항로의 문제와 수, 당이 주변에 강요하였던 국제질서를 고려하면서 일본, 중국, 한국의 사료를 검토한 것이다. 그 결과 우선 지금까지 학계에서 널리 알려졌던 것과는 달리 백제와 고구려, 왜국의 비밀 군사 동맹 관계가 595년경에는 이미 성립하여 백제 멸망 이후까지 이어졌음을 알 수 있었다. 이 동맹체제는 고구려가 수, 당을 의식한 군사 협력을 생각했다면 백제와 왜국은 신라를 상대로 하는 군사협력을 생각하여 만들어진 것이었다. 비밀로 한 이유는 백제를 통해 수, 당의 고구려 침공에 관한 정보를 얻기 위해서였고, 또한 한반도에서 왜로 가는 해상 항로를 장악하고 있었던 신라를 의식하였기 때문이었다. 신라는 승려의 통행만을 허락하였으므로 고구려와 백제는 왜국에 승려를 보내든가, 왜국의 견수사와 견당사 파견을 주선한다든가 하면서 동맹 관계를 강화해 나갔던 것이었다. 그러나 고구려를 치려는 당의 방침이 확고하여 침공이 이어지자, 고구려와 백제는 말갈과 함께 655년경부터 신라에 대한 공동 군사행동을 통해 군사동맹체제의 존재를 공개하였고, 그 후 왜국의 군사 훈련과 지도를 통해 군사 동맹 체제의 구성원의 군사력을 강화하는 데 힘썼음을 확인할 수 있었다.
This paper examines the processes of diplomatic negotiations among the states of East Asia during the 7th Century, by focusing on the marine route and the international order of East Asia. At the end of the 6th century, the three kingdoms of Korea were invested by Sui(隋). But Sui considered Koguryo as a competing power in the North-eastern Asia and oppressed Koguryo. In response, Koguryo(高句麗) was seeking to ally with Baekje(百濟) and Wa(倭), of which both in turn had to ally with Koguryo to fight against Silla. As Silla(新羅) which controlled the marine route from Korean Peninsula to Japan Islands permitted only the passage of Buddhistic monks, Koguryo(高句麗) and Baekje(百濟) could dispatch only monks to Wa(倭). But they wanted more : by letting Wa have a diplomatic relation with Sui, they thought that they could reinforce the diplomatic relationship with Wa, because Silla would not prevent Wa’s passage to China, which would bring them more opportunities to get in touch with Wa. Knowing that the government of Wa(倭) wanted to learn more of developed civilization, Baekje and Koguryo introduced Wa to Sui. Because they did not want Wa to be under the political control of Sui, however, they recommended to Wa to have a relationship without an investiture(冊封). The government of Sui considered Wa as a tributary country, but by dispatching the envoys and Buddhistic students, Wa wanted not only to learn the developed civilization of China but also to have more contact with Baekje(百濟) and Koguryo(高句麗). Tang(唐) Empire, which followed Sui, also invested three kingdoms of Korea, but the government of Tang presumed Koguryo to be a potential enemy. Wa dispatched envoys to make a diplomatic relationship with Tang, but knowing that Tang wanted Wa to enter into alliance with Silla against Koguryo, Wa stopped dispatch of envoys. As Yongesomun(淵蓋蘇文) who got the political power by a coup d’etat took an unyielding policy to Tang and Silla asked for a military aid, the Emperor Taijong(太宗) of Tang invaded Koguryo from 645. In reaction, the government of Yongesomun(淵蓋蘇文) strengthened the alliance with Baekje, Wa, and Malgal(靺鞨). Because Tang supported Silla to press Koguryo, Baekje conflicting with Silla in Southern area of Korean Peninsula attacked Silla and occupied a strategically important place to contact with Wa in 642. As the news of Tang’s invasion to Koguryo was delivered to Wa, there was a movement to reshape the foreign policy among a governing group of Wa who were influenced by the intellectuals returned from China after their studies. The new government of King Kodok(孝德), established by a coup d’etat, took the policy of neutral diplomacy. But the new diplomacy meant to put Wa under more intervention by Tang, and so it was weakened even during the lifetime of the King Kodok, whose supporters were only a minority group. After his death, the foreign policy shifted back to cherish the relationship with Baekje and Koguryo. During the Tang’s invasion to Koguryo, the allied army of Koguryo, Baekje and Malgal attacked Silla in 655. After that Koguryo and Baekje dispatched over hundred of envoys to train the army of Wa for the purpose of strengthening the military powers of the alliance. By the support of envoys from Koguryo and Baekje, the government of Queen Saimei could reinforce the military forces and conquer the tribe Emisi(蝦夷) of eastern frontier.
【국문초록】 1. 서론 2. 수의 중국 통일과 고구려와 왜국의 국교 성립 3. 수와 고구려의 전쟁과 왜국의 견수사 파견 4. 당의 삼국 간섭과 왜국의 견당사 파견 5. 고구려?백제 군사동맹의 강화와 당 태종의 고구려 침공 6. 孝德정권의 친 신라·친당 외교 7. 당·신라 군사 동맹의 강화 8. 고구려?백제·왜국 군사 동맹 체제의 형성 9. 맺음말 【ABSTRACT】