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논문 기본 정보
- 자료유형
- 학술저널
- 저자정보
- 저널정보
- 동양사학회 동양사학연구 東洋史學硏究 第142輯
- 발행연도
- 2018.3
- 수록면
- 71 - 120 (50page)
- DOI
- 10.17856/jahs.2018.03.142.71
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초록· 키워드
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This paper explores the process in which the Later Jin invaded the Donghai Jurchen (Ma. dergi mederi golo), especially focusing on the 1635 attack of the Warka in the Ussuri region and following resistance from local tribes. Since the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci made attempts to lure the population of the Donghai Jurchens, which were the major source for the Manchu military and labor power, to the Liadong region and sometimes imposed military campaigns to relocate them forcefully. After Hong Taiji took the throne, demands on manpower further increased as the Later Jin fought all against the Ming, the Choson and the Mongols. The establishment of a permanent garrison in Ningguta in 1631 allowed the Later Jin to impose more effective attacks and rule on the local people in the eastern part of Manchuria.
The 1635 campaign of the Warka was exceptional that the Manchu armies, composed of 1,237 soldiers of the Yellow, Red, Blue and White Banners, invaded the vast areas from the upper to the lower streams of the Ussuri. Those of the Warka who had earlier surrendered to the Later Jin were assigned as guide for the Manchu armies during the campaign. They were also expected to conciliate their families in home and made them submit to the Later Jin. After defeating local tribes, the Manchu armies selected men suitable to be taken to Liaodong and put them in prison, and also plundered valuable items such as furs and ginseng from local people. Among the defeated, the people in Noro, Suifun, Yaran and Akuli made resistances against the Manchus, by escaping from the prison and killing the Manchu soldiers. The imprisonment and forceful relocation brought widespread oppositions to the Manchu armies among the local people, but it was especially the illegal actions of Manchu soldiers, such as separating wives from husbands, that inspired local resurrections and brought a great number of the Manchu armies to death.
The 1635 campaign of the Warka in the Ussuri River was a milestone in the development of the Qing empire, since it signified that all the Jurchens living in Manchuria were unified under the rulership of the Later Jin. In the middle of this campaign, Hong Taiji announced that the name “Jušen” was replaced with “Manchu” for the official name of his people. With this new name Manchu, the khan of the Later Jin attempted to place his people at the top of the multi-ethnic state that various members of the Manchus, Mongols and Han Chinese joined. Since then, the Warka had been organized by gradually as New Manchus(Ice Manju) in the Shunzhi and Kangxi eras. As the starting point of the long process, the 1635 campaign can be considered as a watershed.
The 1635 campaign of the Warka was exceptional that the Manchu armies, composed of 1,237 soldiers of the Yellow, Red, Blue and White Banners, invaded the vast areas from the upper to the lower streams of the Ussuri. Those of the Warka who had earlier surrendered to the Later Jin were assigned as guide for the Manchu armies during the campaign. They were also expected to conciliate their families in home and made them submit to the Later Jin. After defeating local tribes, the Manchu armies selected men suitable to be taken to Liaodong and put them in prison, and also plundered valuable items such as furs and ginseng from local people. Among the defeated, the people in Noro, Suifun, Yaran and Akuli made resistances against the Manchus, by escaping from the prison and killing the Manchu soldiers. The imprisonment and forceful relocation brought widespread oppositions to the Manchu armies among the local people, but it was especially the illegal actions of Manchu soldiers, such as separating wives from husbands, that inspired local resurrections and brought a great number of the Manchu armies to death.
The 1635 campaign of the Warka in the Ussuri River was a milestone in the development of the Qing empire, since it signified that all the Jurchens living in Manchuria were unified under the rulership of the Later Jin. In the middle of this campaign, Hong Taiji announced that the name “Jušen” was replaced with “Manchu” for the official name of his people. With this new name Manchu, the khan of the Later Jin attempted to place his people at the top of the multi-ethnic state that various members of the Manchus, Mongols and Han Chinese joined. Since then, the Warka had been organized by gradually as New Manchus(Ice Manju) in the Shunzhi and Kangxi eras. As the starting point of the long process, the 1635 campaign can be considered as a watershed.
목차
1. 머리말
2. 후금 시기의 동해여진
3. 1635년 우수리강 와르카 공략
4. 부족민의 저항
5. 맺음말
참고문헌
Abstract
참고문헌 (39)
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UCI(KEPA) : I410-ECN-0101-2018-910-001857356