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논문 기본 정보

자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
Takehiko Nohmi (National Institute of Health Sciences)
저널정보
한국독성학회 Toxicological Research Toxicological Research Vol.34 No.4
발행연도
2018.10
수록면
281 - 290 (10page)

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초록· 키워드

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Exposure to chemical agents is an inevitable consequence of modern society; some of these agents are hazardous to human health. The effects of chemical carcinogens are of great concern in many countries, and international organizations, such as the World Health Organization, have established guidelines for the regulation of these chemicals. Carcinogens are currently categorized into two classes, genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens, which are subject to different regulatory policies. Genotoxic carcinogens are chemicals that exert carcinogenicity via the induction of mutations. Owing to their DNA interaction properties, there is thought to be no safe exposure threshold or dose. Genotoxic carcinogens are regulated under the assumption that they pose a cancer risk for humans, even at very low doses. In contrast, non-genotoxic carcinogens, which induce cancer through mechanisms other than mutations, such as hormonal effects, cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, or epigenetic changes, are thought to have a safe exposure threshold or dose; thus, their use in society is permitted unless the exposure or intake level would exceed the threshold. Genotoxicity assays are an important method to distinguish the two classes of carcinogens. However, some carcinogens have negative results in in vitro bacterial mutation assays, but yield positive results in the in vivo transgenic rodent gene mutation assay. Non-DNA damage, such as spindle poison or topoisomerase inhibition, often leads to positive results in cytogenetic genotoxicity assays such as the chromosome aberration assay or the micronucleus assay. Therefore, mechanistic considerations of tumor induction, based on the results of the genotoxicity assays, are necessary to distinguish genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens. In this review, the concept of threshold of toxicological concern is introduced and the potential risk from multiple exposures to low doses of genotoxic carcinogens is also discussed.

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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
WHAT ARE GENOTOXIC AND NON-GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS?
GENE MUTATION ASSAYS ARE CRITICAL TO DISTINGUISH GENOTOXIC AND NON-GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS
IN VITRO GENE MUTATION ASSAY : BACTERIAL REVERSE MUTATION ASSAY
IN VIVO GENE MUTATION ASSAY : GPT DELTA TRANSGENIC MOUSE/RAT GENE MUTATION ASSAY
AMES-NEGATIVE, BUT TRANSGENIC ASSAY-POSITIVE CARCINOGENS : ARE THEY GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS?
PRACTICAL THRESHOLDS OF GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS
THRESHOLD OF TOXICOLOGICAL CONCERN(TTC) OF GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS
FUTURE CHALLENGE : RISK ESTIMATION OF COMBINED EXPOSURE OF GENOTOXIC CARCINOGENS AT LOW DOSES
REFERENCES

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