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논문 기본 정보

자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
저널정보
한국무역상무학회 무역상무연구 무역상무연구 제69권
발행연도
2016.2
수록면
261 - 301 (41page)

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초록· 키워드

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Recently the abusive calls on on-demand bonds have been a critical issue among many engineering and construction companies in Korea. On-demand bond is referred to as an independent guarantee in the sense that the guarantee is independent from its underlying contract although it was issued based on such underlying contract. For this reason, the issuing bank is not required to and/or entitled to look into whether there really is a breach of underlying contract in relation to the call on demand-bonds.Due to this kind of principle of independence, the applicant has to run the risk of the on demand bond being called by the beneficiary without due grounds. Only where the call proves to be fraudulent or abusive in a very clear way, the issuing bank would not be obligated to pay the bond proceeds for the call on on-demand bonds. In order to prevent the issuing bank from paying the proceeds under the on-demand bond, the applicant usually files with its competent court an application for injunction prohibiting the beneficiary from calling against the issuing bank. However, it is in practice difficult for the applicant to prove the beneficiary’s call on the bond to be fraudulent since the courts in almost all the jurisdictions of advanced countries require very strict and objective evidences such as the documents which were signed by the owner (beneficiary) or any other third party like the engineer.There is another way of preventing the beneficiary from calling on the bond, which is often utilized especially in the United Kingdom or Western European countries such as Germany. Based upon the underlying contract, the contractor which is at the same time the applicant of on-demand bond requests the court to order the owner (the beneficiary) not to call on the bond. In this case, there apparently seems to be no reason why the court should apply the strict fraud rule to determine whether to grant an injunction in that the underlying legal relationship was created based on a construction contract rather than a bond. However, in most jurisdictions except for United Kingdom and Singapore, the court also applies the strict fraud rule on the ground that the parties promised to make the on-demand bond issued under the construction contract.This kind of injunction is highly unlikely to be utilized on the international level because it is very difficult in normal situations to establish the international jurisdiction towards the beneficiary which will be usually located outside the jurisdiction of the relevant court.This kind of injunction ordering the owner not to call on the bond can be rendered by the arbitrator as well even though the arbitrator has no coercive power for the owner to follow it. Normally there would be no arbitral tribunal existing at the time of the bond being called. In this case, the emergency arbitrator which most of the international arbitration rules such as ICC, LCIA and SIAC, etc. adopt can be utilized.Finally, the contractor can block the issuing bank from paying the bond proceeds by way of a provisional attachment in case where it also has rights to claim some unpaid interim payments or damages. This is the preservative measure under civil law system, which the lawyers from common law system are not familiar with.As explained in this article, it is very difficult to block the issuing bank from paying in response to the bond call by the beneficiary even if the call has no valid ground under the underlying construction contract. Therefore, it is necessary for the applicants who are normally engineering and construction companies to be prudent to make on-demand bonds issued. They need to take into account the creditability of the project owner as well as trustworthiness of the judiciary system of the country where the owner is domiciled.
#가압류 #독립적 보증 #사기법리 #Independent Guarantee #긴급중재인 #지급금지가처분 #Injunction #Provisional Attachment #부당한 청구 #On-demandBond #권리남용 #청구금지가처분 #Emergency Arbitrator #Abusive Call #Fraud Rule

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참고문헌 (38)

참고문헌 신청
곽윤직 / 2013 / 채권총론(민법강의 IV) / 박영사 google schola 김능환 / 2012 / 주석 민사집행법 / 사법행정학회 google schola 박세운 / 2010 / ICC 청구보증통일규칙(ICC Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantees 2010Revision) / 대한상공회의소 google schola 법원행정처 / 2003 / 법원실무제요, 민사집행[IV] – 보전처분 / 법원행정처 google schola 석광현 / 2001 / 국제재판관할에 관한 연구 – 민사 및 상사사건에서의 국제재판관할의기초이론과 일반관할을 중심으로 / 서울대학교 출판부 google schola

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