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자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
저널정보
서강대학교 종교연구소 Journal of Korean Religions Journal of Korean Religions Vol.13 No.1
발행연도
2022.4
수록면
5 - 27 (23page)
DOI
10.1353/jkr.2022.0000

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The purpose of this article is to re-examine the religious identity of Tonghak 東學 by analyzing Ch’oe Cheu’s awareness of the problems found in nineteenth-century Korean society. Previous studies have not fairly assessed the religious identity of Tonghak. They have often regarded it either as a mere syncretism, a religion constructed to confront S?hak 西學, or a sect subordinate to Confucianism. To begin with, it is necessary to analyze the name ‘‘Tonghak,’’ which can be divided into the characters ‘‘tong’’ 東 (east) and ‘‘hak’’ 學 (learning). It is a common understanding that the tong is presented as a contrast with ‘‘s?’’ 西 (west). However, the tong here references ‘‘Tongguk’’ 東國, another name for Chos?n 朝鮮, the ruling dynasty of Korea at the time. Thus, a proper translation of ‘‘Tonghak’’ would not be ‘‘Eastern Learning,’’ but the ‘‘Learning of Tongguk (Chos?n).’’ As such, the name Tonghak was chosen to differentiate the religion from Chinese Confucianism as well as from S?hak (i.e., Catholicism). Meanwhile, Ch’oe Cheu called his awakening Ch’?ndo 天 道 or mug?k taedo 無極大道. Ch’?ndo was a pre-existing concept developed by ancient thinkers in East Asia. Translated literally it means ‘‘Heavenly Way’’ and refers to how its followers should revere ch’?nmy?ng 天命 (will/mandate of Heaven) and obey ch’?lli 天理 (principle of Heaven). By inheriting and restoring this Heavenly Way, Ch’oe Cheu was attempting to rescue the people of his time, who he believed were indulging in kakcha wisim 各自爲心 (selfishness with no concern for others). However, Ch’oe added an element of newness in restoring the ancient Ch’?ndo. This novelty, a result of his decisive religious experience, may be summarized with the ideas of sich’?nju 侍天主 (God is immanent in everyone), muwi ihwa 無爲而化 (natural becoming without any artificial effort), and susim ch?nggi 守心正氣 (preserving the original mind and rectifying the vital force or ki). Thus, Ch’oe Cheu’s Tonghak secured the specificity of the learning of Tongguk (Chos?n) and the universality of the modern succession of Ch’?ndo, while securing the singularity of Tonghak through sich’?nju, muwi ihwa, and susim ch?nggi. As a result, while completely recovering a life separated from Heaven, he opened a new path, which differed from Catholicism and Confucianism, by saying that God is not outside us but is present in everyone (both transcendent and immanent).

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