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자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
이성재 (충북대학교)
저널정보
한국서양사연구회 서양사연구 서양사연구 제70호
발행연도
2024.5
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5 - 45 (41page)

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Prejudice against hermaphrodites has a long historical trajectory. Martin Luther’s depiction of the Pope and his retinue as “hermaphrodites and sodomites” illustrates this sentiment, and incidents such as the Collas trial(1599) in Dôle underscore the extent of societal bias, often resulting in executions by burning at the stake. The negative perception of hermaphrodites persisted through the 17th and 18th centuries in France, as evidenced by judicial proceedings during this era. During that period, French judicial authorities could neither imagine nor accept that individuals could cross the line between female and male at will. The effort to give individuals of ambiguous sex a definitive sex through trial arose in this social climate, where judges were charged with the enormous task of maintaining France’s binary order and legally determining sex. The French legal response to hermaphroditism can be delineated into two distinct periods. Initially, spanning from 1601 to 1661, judges relied on medical assessments to determine the legal sex of hermaphrodites involved in criminal cases, with emphasis placed on visible genital characteristics as the primary determinant of sex. Trials such as those of Le Marcis(1601), Lafanel(1652), and d’Apremont(1661) exemplify this approach. Subsequently, from 1686 to 1765, a shift occurred towards considering reproductive functions—such as erection, ejaculation, menstruation, and pregnancy—as increasingly significant criteria for sexual determination, albeit imperfect ones. This period witnessed trials such as those of Malaure(1686), Petitjean(1724), and Grandjean(1765), showcasing the evolving standards for sex determination, which encompassed a broader array of factors. Notably, this era also witnessed some individuals actively expressing their sexual orientation in defiance of judicial rulings. Contrary to the severity witnessed in the Collas trial at the end of the 16th century, the French judiciary of the 17th and 18th centuries exhibited relative tolerance towards hermaphrodites. Only one trial resulted in a life sentence, while the accused in the remaining five trials were acquitted. Nevertheless, individuals with ambiguous sex identities were deprived of the freedom to self-determine their sex or align with their sex identity. The French penal system did not accommodate sex ambiguity or the concept of a “third gender” divergent from traditional societal norms of sexual dichotomy. However, it would be inaccurate to equate French judicial treatment of hermaphrodites during this period with the violent repression akin to the Inquisition. After the Collas trial, hermaphrodites were no longer subjected to witch hunts or severe persecution.

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