본고는 2003년 중국에서 발간된 『集安高句麗王陵』 보고서를 분석하여 집안지역 超大型積石墓의 전개과정과 주요 적석묘의 피장자를 비정한 글이다. 『集安高句麗王陵』에 ㄱ재된 초대형적석묘 13기는 階墻積石墓 4기, 階段石槨積石墓 6기, 階段石室積石墓 3기 등으로 대별된다. 이 가운데 무덤 안쪽에서 바깥쪽으로 담장을 쌓듯이 造營한 階墻積石墓는 계단적석묘보다 앞선 형식으로 3세기 중반 이전에 축조되었다. 3세기 중후반의 계단석곽적석묘는 階墻積石墓에서 階段積石墓로 이행하는 양상을 보여준다. 특히 臨江墓는 階墻積石墓의 요소를 많이 간직했고 集安盆地 동쪽에 위치했다는 점에서 3세기 중반에 사망한 東川王의 무덤으로 비정된다. 계단석곽적석묘는 4세기 이후 더욱 발전하다가 4세기 후반에 게단석실적묘로 이행했다.
卷雲紋瓦當을 분석하여 4세기 이후 초대형적석묘의 피장자를 비정했다. 집안지역에서는 4세기 초부터 권운문와당을 제작했는데(A형), 320~350년대에는 8등분 雲紋部, 連弧部, 삼각거치문 周緣部 등을 갖는 전형적인 형식이 제작되었다(B형). 이러한 전형적인 형식은 350년대에 중국적 요소가 새롭게 가미되면서 변형되닥(C형), 360년대 이후 連弧部의 퇴화(D형) 및 雲紋部ㆍ周緣部의 퇴화(E형)가 진행되다가 소멸되었다. 따라서 전형적인 형식인 ‘己丑’명(329년) 와당이 출토된 西大墓는 329년 직후에 사망한 美川王陵으로 추정되며, ‘戊戌’명(338)년 와당이 출토된 禹山下992호분은 그 전후에 사망한 왕족이나 귀족의 무덤으로 추정된다. 그리고 퇴화형 권운문와당이 대량으로 출토된 千秋塚은 360년대 직후에 사망한 故國原王陵으로 추정된다.
따라서 太王陵은 391년에 사망한 故國壤王陵 그리고 將軍塚은 廣開土王陵으로 각기 비정된다. 『集安高句麗王陵』 보고자는 太王陵 동북방에 위치한 이른바 ‘祭臺’와 ‘好太王’명 銅鈴을 근거로 태왕릉을 광개토왕릉으로 비정했다. 그렇지만 ‘祭臺’라는 石臺는 여러 정황으로 보아 祭壇으로 보기는 어려우며, 장례나 제사 관련 부속시설로 보인다. 또한 ‘好太王’명 銅鈴도 ‘-好王’이 여러명 존재했다는 점에서 광개토왕과 직결시키기는 힘들다. 더욱이 ‘辛卯年’은 391년으로 추정되는데, 이 해는 광개토왕의 卽位年이자 고국양왕의 沒年이다. 고분 출토품이라는 점에서 고국양왕의 죽음과 관련될 가능성이 높다. ‘好太王’명 동령은 태왕릉이 고국양왕릉일 가능성을 강하게 시사한다.
In this article, the ??Jian Koguryo-wangreung/集安高句麗王陵??report published in 2003 in China is analyzed, in order to estimate the details of the establishment process of the Extra-large Stone-layered Jeokseok-myo tombs(超大型積石墓) located in the Jian area, and to estimate the identity of the persons buried in these tombs. The thirteen extra-large stone-layered Jeokseok-myo tombs documented in this report of the Koguryo dynasty's Royal mausoleums located in the Jian area, include 4 cases of 'Storied and Walled' Jeokseok-myo tombs(階墻積石墓), 6 cases of 'Storied' Jeokseok-myo tombs with Stone outer coffin(階段石槨積石墓), and 3 cases of 'Storied' Jeokseok-myo tombs with Stone chambers (階段石室積石墓). Among all these tombs, 'Storied and Walled' Jeokseok-myo tombs(階墻積石墓) feature walls originating from the inside of the tomb and then reaching out to eventually surround the tomb. And they seem to have been constructed prior to the construction of other 'Storied' ones, since the mid-3rd century.
The 'Storied' Jeokseok-myo tombs with stone outer coffin(階段石槨積石墓), of which the fashion prevailed during the middle and latter periods of the 3rd century, featured characteristics that displayed a transitional quality from the 'Storied and Walled(階墻)' Jeokseok-myo tombs to the 'Storied(階段)' Jeokseokmyo tombs. Especially the Imgang-myo/臨江墓 tomb features a lot of the characteristics of the 'Storied and Walled(階墻)' Jeokseok-myo tombs, and considering the fact that it is located in the East side of the Jian valley(集安盆地), it would be reasonable to believe that the tomb would have been the Royal mausoleum for King Dongcheon-wang/東川王, who died in the mid-3rd century. The 'Storied' Jeokseok-myo tombs with stone outer coffin have continued to feature developments in fashion since the beginning of the 4th century, and then later were replaced by the 'Storied' Jeokseok-myo tombs with stone chambers(階段石室積石墓), during the mid period of the 4th century.
In pursuing the identity of the buried people inside the extra-large stonelayered Jeokseok-myo tombs that have been established since the 4th century, the analysis of the roof-end tiles with cloud patterns[卷雲紋瓦當] can be consulted. Since the early 4th century, these roof-end tiles with cloud patterns have been created in the Jian area. The type of roof-end tiles with cloud patterns created in this time period is referred to as Type-A. Then during the time period between the 320s and the 350s, a new typical type, which can be called as Type-B, featuring an 8-divided Unmun-bu/雲紋部 section with the cloud patterns, the Yeonho-bu/連弧部 section with the shape of continuous bows, and the rim section(Juyeon-bu/周緣部) with the triangular saw patterns, started to emerge. This type went through some changes when Chinese influences began to be mirrored in the roof-end tiles' design during the 350s, and as a result another type was established, namely Type-C. After the 360s, the Yeonho-bu section started to fade away, creating a new type of roof-end tiles(Type-D), and later the Unmun-bu section and the rim section also started to fade away, resulting in yet another new type(Type-E). Type-E was the last of the roof-end tiles.
So, the Seodae-myo/西大墓 tomb, from which the typical-type roof-end tile with the letters 'Gichuk/己丑(the year 329)' written upon it was excavated, is believed to have been the Royal mausoleum for King Micheon-wang/美川王, who died right after 329. On the other hand, the Usanha/禹山下 No.992 tomb, from which a roof-end tile with the letters 'Musul/戊戌(the year 338)' written upon it was excavated, is believed to have been the Royal tomb for a royal family member or a member of the Nobility, who would have died shortly before or after 338. And the Cheonchu-chong/千秋塚 tomb, from which many of the roof-end tiles with cloud patterns(in the 'fade-away' phase) were excavated, is believed to have been the royal mausoleum for King Gogukweon-wang/故國原王, who died right after the 360s.
In the meantime, the Taewang-reung/太王陵 mausoleum can be named as the royal mausoleum for King Gogukyang-wang/故國壤王, who died in 391, and the Janggun-chong/將軍塚 tomb can be named as the royal mausoleum for King Gwanggaeto-wang/廣開土王. The author of the ??Jian Koguryo-wangreung/集安高句麗王陵???? report argued that the Taewang-reung tomb must have been the royal mausoleum for King Gwanggaeto-wang, based upon artifacts such as the 'Jaedae/祭臺' Service Table which is placed in the Northeast side of the Taewang-reung tomb, and a bronze ring(銅鈴) with the letters 'Hotae-wang/好太王' inscribed upon it.
But the so-called 'Jaedae' facility is merely a stone table(石臺), and does not seem to have been an actual altar(祭壇) for memorial services. It must have been an attachment for funeral services or similar functions. Also, considering the fact that many kings had letters ‘-Ho-wang/好王’ in their titles, it would be rather inappropriate to use the name 'Hotae-wang/好太王' inscribed upon the bronze ring as a strong prohibitive evidence for arguing this tomb to have been that of King Gwanggaeto-wang. The 'Shinmyo/辛卯' year reference, which is estimated to be referring to the year 391, was the year in which King Gogukyang-wang died, and King Gwanggaeto-wang ascended to the throne. Judging from the fact that the item was excavated from a tomb, it must have been an item related to the death of King Gogukyang-wang. So the 'Hotae-wang' inscription and the existence of a bronze ring, strongly suggest that this Taewang-reung tomb was indeed the royal mausoleum for King Gogukyang-wang.