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초록· 키워드
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Urban system is a system complex in which political, economic, social and cultural system are woven complicatedly at the various levels. Therefore, urban system should be cleared by setting the resolution levels with respect to many indices. Form, size, dimension, interrelationship, interaction and interdependency of the urban system may be changed in the process of urbanization. To clarify the structure of urban system and its change, the most important and basic index is the spatial interaction. Interaction is classified into physical movement and communication. The information is composed of new facts, ideas, data and routine communications and their flows are communications. Today is called as the quaternary industry era, which shows the importance of communication. The circulation of communication shows extremely spatial bias that attracts the geographer’s interests. Moreover, the modern urbanization produces the numerous informations and communications, by which changes of spatial orders are occurred.
Ullman pointed out a three-factor typology to explain movement or interaction between two areas-complementarity, intervening opportunity and transferability. He emphasized the importance of those factors in reference to transportation. But they are also the factors of communication. Because, the widest sense of communication contains the transportation (Cooley, 1894). The quantity and frequency of communication through the various kinds of media is increasing on a large scale, compared with the physical transportation. According to Hagerstrand (1966), diffusion is the effects of the communication. If urbanization is defined as the process of the diffusion of innovation, the study of effects and process of urbanization in the urban system needs the analysis of communication. Many studies in the past neglected the communication and its change, and most of them merely focused on the changes of the attributes of the urban system, on the static view points. But, urbanization process and behavior of urban system are dynamic. On the viewpoints mentioned above, the author tries to demonstrate the urban system structure of Korea and its change, with the index of the telephone trunk calls on the time serial axis.
Telephone calls are the formal and private communication, and they have been increased enormously in the process of urbanization. The studies of structural change of urban system using the telephone calls are very few. However, the significance of the method using telephone calls is emphasized by some urban geographers. The utility of telephone calls in the study of the change of regional structure tested by Clark in Wales in 1973. Korea shows the rapid urbanization since 1960’s. The author analysed the changes of size, form and dimension in the Korean urban system in his previous reports. In this paper, the author examines to analyse the Korean urban system structure and to synthesize the results of his previous studies into this study.
Sampling data of the diurnal telephone trunk calls in 1968 and 1980 which were examined by the ministry of communications, republic of Korea, were used. The quantity of the share of telephone calls in each city and its change is used to explain the change of interactions. For the purpose of analysis of the similar destination patterns, the R-mode principal component analysis was adopted, and the Q-mode cluster analysis was used for the city classification.
In the principal component analyses, the original data were transferred to the logarithmic ones, and the nonparametric cosine θ index which proposed by Clark in 1973, were used substituted for the correlation coefficient. The eigenvalues over 1.0 were extracted for the components. Then, the Euclidian distances were calculated by means of the principal component scores and with those distance variables, the weighted-pair group averaging Q-mode cluster analyses were run at two point of times. Finally, the hierarchical structures of the Korean urban system were compared in 1968 and 1980. In the procedure, to set up some discriminative indices arbitrarily, over 5 percent-linkage of the origin city was treated as the effective linkage.
The conclusions of this study are as follows;
1. The Korean urban system is composed of five levels of cities. Since 1960, the hierarchical structure of the five-level stratum is becoming clearer. The author considers the structure is not the stationary but the temporary phenomenon of the evolution process of urban system.
2. Manufacturing may be an important factor which bring forth such a structural change. Export-oriented manufacturing in cities has absorved numerous labor forces in countryside, in accordance with the progress of the five-year economic development plans since 1960’s.
3. Supposing the Korean urban system as a servo-system, urbanization has brought forth the quantitative change of interactions, but the structural change is generated on a small scale. Therefore, the structural change may be brought about by the cumulation of interactional change and it is neglible in a short term. The basic zone of the Korean urban system is the Seoul-Busan corridor and it extends to Incheon in 1980. The Incheon-Seoul-Busan corridor has formed steadly since the Lee dynasty period. The historical events such as policy of Korean government after independence from Japan, the affections from the division of a nation into south and north, the influences of the Korean war and the promotion of the five-year economic development plans are contributed the structure of the present Korean urban system. The regulative power of the regional cities is becoming stronger along the progress of urbanizaiton on the time serial axis. In accordance with this facts, the hierarchical structure of the Korean urban system is becoming clearer.
4. Since 1960’s, the cities regarded as regional centers have been developed quickly and their position in the national urban system become more stable. Daegu, Gwangju, Daejeon and Incheon are the regional centers in Korea and Jeonju plays similar functionary role. One of the noteworthy feature is the fact that the manufacturing cities have been developed with high speed and have the more interactions than the other cities with same size.
5. According to principal component analyses, the communication pattern were changed dramatically. In 1960’s, the linkage patterns focused on Seoul, accompanied with the various regional linkage patterns. In 1980, the patterns have change to all-cities linkages. And they are integrated various regional linkage patterns, at the same time, they focused on Seoul. This change occurred by the increase of interactions among the cities. And the zonal corridor plays the stronger function than 1960’s. So, the Korean transportation and communication networks is “X” letter pattern. It has been developed to focus on Seoul since 14th century.
6. The cluster analyses produced some fruitful implications to explain the change of the Korean urban system. In 1960’s, 6 city-groups were classified ; national level city group (Seoul and Busan), medium size city group, city group in Seoul sphere region, Gwangju and Daegu. In 1980, 7 city-groups were distinguished ; national level city group (Seoul and Busan), city group in Seoul sphere region, regional center city group (near or similar cities to the regional centers were contained in this group), Ulsan, city group which has only the linkage with Seoul, city group of Daegu region.
7. The differential growth in the Korean urban system proposes a serious problem as the regional unbalance. The highly developed regions are the capital region and southeastern coastal manufacturing belt. Cities in these regions show the the rapid increase of interactions.
Ullman pointed out a three-factor typology to explain movement or interaction between two areas-complementarity, intervening opportunity and transferability. He emphasized the importance of those factors in reference to transportation. But they are also the factors of communication. Because, the widest sense of communication contains the transportation (Cooley, 1894). The quantity and frequency of communication through the various kinds of media is increasing on a large scale, compared with the physical transportation. According to Hagerstrand (1966), diffusion is the effects of the communication. If urbanization is defined as the process of the diffusion of innovation, the study of effects and process of urbanization in the urban system needs the analysis of communication. Many studies in the past neglected the communication and its change, and most of them merely focused on the changes of the attributes of the urban system, on the static view points. But, urbanization process and behavior of urban system are dynamic. On the viewpoints mentioned above, the author tries to demonstrate the urban system structure of Korea and its change, with the index of the telephone trunk calls on the time serial axis.
Telephone calls are the formal and private communication, and they have been increased enormously in the process of urbanization. The studies of structural change of urban system using the telephone calls are very few. However, the significance of the method using telephone calls is emphasized by some urban geographers. The utility of telephone calls in the study of the change of regional structure tested by Clark in Wales in 1973. Korea shows the rapid urbanization since 1960’s. The author analysed the changes of size, form and dimension in the Korean urban system in his previous reports. In this paper, the author examines to analyse the Korean urban system structure and to synthesize the results of his previous studies into this study.
Sampling data of the diurnal telephone trunk calls in 1968 and 1980 which were examined by the ministry of communications, republic of Korea, were used. The quantity of the share of telephone calls in each city and its change is used to explain the change of interactions. For the purpose of analysis of the similar destination patterns, the R-mode principal component analysis was adopted, and the Q-mode cluster analysis was used for the city classification.
In the principal component analyses, the original data were transferred to the logarithmic ones, and the nonparametric cosine θ index which proposed by Clark in 1973, were used substituted for the correlation coefficient. The eigenvalues over 1.0 were extracted for the components. Then, the Euclidian distances were calculated by means of the principal component scores and with those distance variables, the weighted-pair group averaging Q-mode cluster analyses were run at two point of times. Finally, the hierarchical structures of the Korean urban system were compared in 1968 and 1980. In the procedure, to set up some discriminative indices arbitrarily, over 5 percent-linkage of the origin city was treated as the effective linkage.
The conclusions of this study are as follows;
1. The Korean urban system is composed of five levels of cities. Since 1960, the hierarchical structure of the five-level stratum is becoming clearer. The author considers the structure is not the stationary but the temporary phenomenon of the evolution process of urban system.
2. Manufacturing may be an important factor which bring forth such a structural change. Export-oriented manufacturing in cities has absorved numerous labor forces in countryside, in accordance with the progress of the five-year economic development plans since 1960’s.
3. Supposing the Korean urban system as a servo-system, urbanization has brought forth the quantitative change of interactions, but the structural change is generated on a small scale. Therefore, the structural change may be brought about by the cumulation of interactional change and it is neglible in a short term. The basic zone of the Korean urban system is the Seoul-Busan corridor and it extends to Incheon in 1980. The Incheon-Seoul-Busan corridor has formed steadly since the Lee dynasty period. The historical events such as policy of Korean government after independence from Japan, the affections from the division of a nation into south and north, the influences of the Korean war and the promotion of the five-year economic development plans are contributed the structure of the present Korean urban system. The regulative power of the regional cities is becoming stronger along the progress of urbanizaiton on the time serial axis. In accordance with this facts, the hierarchical structure of the Korean urban system is becoming clearer.
4. Since 1960’s, the cities regarded as regional centers have been developed quickly and their position in the national urban system become more stable. Daegu, Gwangju, Daejeon and Incheon are the regional centers in Korea and Jeonju plays similar functionary role. One of the noteworthy feature is the fact that the manufacturing cities have been developed with high speed and have the more interactions than the other cities with same size.
5. According to principal component analyses, the communication pattern were changed dramatically. In 1960’s, the linkage patterns focused on Seoul, accompanied with the various regional linkage patterns. In 1980, the patterns have change to all-cities linkages. And they are integrated various regional linkage patterns, at the same time, they focused on Seoul. This change occurred by the increase of interactions among the cities. And the zonal corridor plays the stronger function than 1960’s. So, the Korean transportation and communication networks is “X” letter pattern. It has been developed to focus on Seoul since 14th century.
6. The cluster analyses produced some fruitful implications to explain the change of the Korean urban system. In 1960’s, 6 city-groups were classified ; national level city group (Seoul and Busan), medium size city group, city group in Seoul sphere region, Gwangju and Daegu. In 1980, 7 city-groups were distinguished ; national level city group (Seoul and Busan), city group in Seoul sphere region, regional center city group (near or similar cities to the regional centers were contained in this group), Ulsan, city group which has only the linkage with Seoul, city group of Daegu region.
7. The differential growth in the Korean urban system proposes a serious problem as the regional unbalance. The highly developed regions are the capital region and southeastern coastal manufacturing belt. Cities in these regions show the the rapid increase of interactions.
목차
ABSTRACT
Ⅰ. 序論
Ⅱ. 데이터 및 分析方法
Ⅲ. 韓? 都市시스템의 ?展
Ⅳ. 多?量 分析
Ⅴ. 韓?都市시스템의 階層構造와 그의 ?化
Ⅵ. 結論
?考文?
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