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This paper is an analysis on the actual state of the great loan system in the middle of 19th century and includes the contents and mening of Nosa Scholars' Faction reform bill in Honam area.
The great loan system(hwangok) was in the severe disorder in the middle of 19th century. Resolving this problem, the king occasionally dispatched secret inspectors(暗行御史, amhangeosa), who examined the actual state of the great loan system, and could prepare the plan of Hwangok through such measure. Inspectors pointed out the abuses such as Sosangjeong(小詳定) that offical price was decided lower and Gajak(加作) that the loan was added, which were committed by the Hyangni(鄕吏: country's petty functionaries), county magistrates(守令), and governor(觀察使) under the name of making up hwangok grains fallen because of the Hyangni's corruption and evasion of taxes occuring during supply and demand. They also indicated the evils of Imu(移貿) that the grain was traded into the different high price area. To sweep such abuses, they proposd some methods of prohibiting such dishonest acts and prosecuted the corrupt officials, but couldn't fundamentally solve those problems.
Finnally, a rash of popular uprisings broke out agaist The great loan system and Nosa Scholars' Faction regarded that the corruption had been caused by defects of the system. They also considered that various abuses such as the dishonest devision and acception, the misuse taking advantage of price difference of grains, and the evasions of taxes has been continually taking place because Hwangok was opreated by taking interest profits which had been made in imitation of Song's Cheongmyo Law(靑苗法)-the system that farmers enabled to loan by low interst. Thus, they argued that the corruption of the great loan should be solved not by improving the operation of hwangok system, but by changing the system itself completely. And they regarded it to be the only means of settling the trouble.
They seekd the solution, converting the hwangok into either the village granaries(社倉, Sachang) runned by grains supply and participation of the local people themselves or Ever∼Normal Storehouses(常平倉, Sangpyeongchang) that maintains the warranted rate of demand and supply by the regulation of prices. Both Gi-Jungjin and Gi-Yangyeon insisted that the system of Ever-Normal Storehouses should be taken effect.
Especially, Gi-Yangyeon argued that the operation of the system of Ever-Normal Storehouses not only redowned the regulation of prices, but also added national finances. Taking one step further, he suggested that it should go hand in hand with the village granaries to relive the poor. On the other hand, Gang-Inhoe(姜寅會) argued that it needs to establish and run the village granaries by using exisiting grains(Hwangok) and to dispatch a manager of myun(面, township) in each township. Under the control of the managers, grains would be devided and accepted in spring and fall as like Ever-Normal Storehouses's operation. And he considered that if the office supervises the managers of myun(面, township), then Hwangok would be gradually abolished and the its finances could be continually maintained . An-Jungseop(安重燮) also claimed to convert the hwangok into the village granaries(社倉), and combine the hwangok's function of imposing taxes with the land and houshold. Eventually, this reform bill of the great loan system(hwangok) of Nosa Scholars' Faction aimed to restore the functions of relieved poor people through reforming the systems, which was based on Gi-Jungjin's Li-Yil-Bun-Su(理一分殊)-A principle includes the tens of thousdands of changing patterns∼through the change of the system. It seems that the reform was influnced by Silhak(實學, Practical Learning) scholars, realists, as Yu-Hyongwon(柳馨遠) Chong-yagyong(丁若鏞) playing an active part in Honam area at that time. And it is corresponded with the national policy-abolishing the hwangok and imposing taxes on land, and it is considered to have exerted an influence to the reform of Taewongun(大院君) who took up Sachang system and the reform of Local Directorates(執綱所), created by Donghak peasant army, trying to abolish the hwangok and distribute land equally over to people-farmers.
The great loan system(hwangok) was in the severe disorder in the middle of 19th century. Resolving this problem, the king occasionally dispatched secret inspectors(暗行御史, amhangeosa), who examined the actual state of the great loan system, and could prepare the plan of Hwangok through such measure. Inspectors pointed out the abuses such as Sosangjeong(小詳定) that offical price was decided lower and Gajak(加作) that the loan was added, which were committed by the Hyangni(鄕吏: country's petty functionaries), county magistrates(守令), and governor(觀察使) under the name of making up hwangok grains fallen because of the Hyangni's corruption and evasion of taxes occuring during supply and demand. They also indicated the evils of Imu(移貿) that the grain was traded into the different high price area. To sweep such abuses, they proposd some methods of prohibiting such dishonest acts and prosecuted the corrupt officials, but couldn't fundamentally solve those problems.
Finnally, a rash of popular uprisings broke out agaist The great loan system and Nosa Scholars' Faction regarded that the corruption had been caused by defects of the system. They also considered that various abuses such as the dishonest devision and acception, the misuse taking advantage of price difference of grains, and the evasions of taxes has been continually taking place because Hwangok was opreated by taking interest profits which had been made in imitation of Song's Cheongmyo Law(靑苗法)-the system that farmers enabled to loan by low interst. Thus, they argued that the corruption of the great loan should be solved not by improving the operation of hwangok system, but by changing the system itself completely. And they regarded it to be the only means of settling the trouble.
They seekd the solution, converting the hwangok into either the village granaries(社倉, Sachang) runned by grains supply and participation of the local people themselves or Ever∼Normal Storehouses(常平倉, Sangpyeongchang) that maintains the warranted rate of demand and supply by the regulation of prices. Both Gi-Jungjin and Gi-Yangyeon insisted that the system of Ever-Normal Storehouses should be taken effect.
Especially, Gi-Yangyeon argued that the operation of the system of Ever-Normal Storehouses not only redowned the regulation of prices, but also added national finances. Taking one step further, he suggested that it should go hand in hand with the village granaries to relive the poor. On the other hand, Gang-Inhoe(姜寅會) argued that it needs to establish and run the village granaries by using exisiting grains(Hwangok) and to dispatch a manager of myun(面, township) in each township. Under the control of the managers, grains would be devided and accepted in spring and fall as like Ever-Normal Storehouses's operation. And he considered that if the office supervises the managers of myun(面, township), then Hwangok would be gradually abolished and the its finances could be continually maintained . An-Jungseop(安重燮) also claimed to convert the hwangok into the village granaries(社倉), and combine the hwangok's function of imposing taxes with the land and houshold. Eventually, this reform bill of the great loan system(hwangok) of Nosa Scholars' Faction aimed to restore the functions of relieved poor people through reforming the systems, which was based on Gi-Jungjin's Li-Yil-Bun-Su(理一分殊)-A principle includes the tens of thousdands of changing patterns∼through the change of the system. It seems that the reform was influnced by Silhak(實學, Practical Learning) scholars, realists, as Yu-Hyongwon(柳馨遠) Chong-yagyong(丁若鏞) playing an active part in Honam area at that time. And it is corresponded with the national policy-abolishing the hwangok and imposing taxes on land, and it is considered to have exerted an influence to the reform of Taewongun(大院君) who took up Sachang system and the reform of Local Directorates(執綱所), created by Donghak peasant army, trying to abolish the hwangok and distribute land equally over to people-farmers.
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 19세기 중엽 호남지역 환곡의 실태
Ⅲ. 노사학파의 제도개혁책
Ⅳ. 노사학파 환곡개혁책의 특성 및 의의
Ⅴ. 맺음말
〈Abstract〉
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