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논문 기본 정보
- 자료유형
- 학술저널
- 저자정보
- 저널정보
- The Academy of Korean Studies THE REVIEW OF KOREAN STUDIES THE REVIEW OF KOREAN STUDIES Vol.7 No.3 SEPTEMBER 2004
- 발행연도
- 2004.9
- 수록면
- 91 - 116 (26page)
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초록· 키워드
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As it was interconnected with the Cold War situation on a global scale, the Korean War gave us one of the most vivid demonstrations of clashes between ideologies in recent history. Naturally in a war of such a nature, the opponents not only used armies and weapons. They resorted to psychological warfare and tactics utilizing propaganda as well. Literally, the combatants made up images and spread them.
In this research, the leaflets deployed and distributed by the UN forces, the North Korean Army, and the Chinese communist forces are mainly examined. Although the research concentrates slightly more on the US army’s tactics of psychological warfare, the primary objective for this research is to determine what kind of “Images of War” were produced, and what the mindsets behind such creations were. By conducting such research, we are able to identify the official ideologies that the combatants wanted to force the general public to accept. We are also able to figure out how such images and ideologies were accepted and processed in the general public’s mind. And in the end, we should be able to determine how people with war experiences came to possess and maintain memories regarding certain events that happened during the war.
Leaflets were distinctively important methods used in psychological warfare. The US army distributed more than 2.5 billion leaflets by the time the truce was signed. Those leaflets were designed to provide personal incentives to the recipients or to persuade them to have second thoughts about their situation in terms of ideological preference. The former included examples of surrender passes or suggestions of good treatment to potential prisoners of war. The latter contained stories with themes such as the supposed harsh treatment of the public committed by Communist regimes, or criticism against North Korea and China for being the socalled “Puppet regimes” of Soviet Russia.
The theory of a fake, “pseudo-Kim Il Sung” is a typical form of the latter. This theory was created during the time period when the US army set up a military government in Korea and was spread during the Korean War by US Army’s Far East Command. The US also started to depict China as a puppet of the USSR after the communization of China. The Secretary of State Department Dean Rusk openly said on May 1951 that the People’s Republic of China was merely a “Slavic Manchukuo.” The fact that a theory of this nature was included even in the report of the Far East Command strongly suggests that the US army was in political need of the image of Kim Il Sung being nothing but a fake figure. This image, and the intentions surrounding its creation, clearly demonstrates a Cold War mentality, and we can see that US had to maintain that image because of its own political and economical interests.
Many American social scientists, especially the behavioral scientists, contributed to the US army’s creation of a “Cold War Enemy.” These people served as consultants for the US army and played an instrumental role in applying psychological warfare tactics based on behavioral science developed from World War II to the Korean War that in turn provided the American community of social scientists with the very first opportunity to study communist society firsthand. American social scientists studied North Korean society through the Sovietization theory, and created images of NK based on that theory.
The Korean War is mostly remembered for its ideological warfare. As the war progressed, the inherent ideological and international nature of the war became more and more apparent, and in the end ideological propaganda became a more important issue than any other thing, even the outcome of the actual war. The Korean War served as a battlefield international in scale and required that combatants play psychological warfare for their survival. This led to the enforcement of anti-communist sentimentality within Korean society, and this hatched numerous political images.
In this research, the leaflets deployed and distributed by the UN forces, the North Korean Army, and the Chinese communist forces are mainly examined. Although the research concentrates slightly more on the US army’s tactics of psychological warfare, the primary objective for this research is to determine what kind of “Images of War” were produced, and what the mindsets behind such creations were. By conducting such research, we are able to identify the official ideologies that the combatants wanted to force the general public to accept. We are also able to figure out how such images and ideologies were accepted and processed in the general public’s mind. And in the end, we should be able to determine how people with war experiences came to possess and maintain memories regarding certain events that happened during the war.
Leaflets were distinctively important methods used in psychological warfare. The US army distributed more than 2.5 billion leaflets by the time the truce was signed. Those leaflets were designed to provide personal incentives to the recipients or to persuade them to have second thoughts about their situation in terms of ideological preference. The former included examples of surrender passes or suggestions of good treatment to potential prisoners of war. The latter contained stories with themes such as the supposed harsh treatment of the public committed by Communist regimes, or criticism against North Korea and China for being the socalled “Puppet regimes” of Soviet Russia.
The theory of a fake, “pseudo-Kim Il Sung” is a typical form of the latter. This theory was created during the time period when the US army set up a military government in Korea and was spread during the Korean War by US Army’s Far East Command. The US also started to depict China as a puppet of the USSR after the communization of China. The Secretary of State Department Dean Rusk openly said on May 1951 that the People’s Republic of China was merely a “Slavic Manchukuo.” The fact that a theory of this nature was included even in the report of the Far East Command strongly suggests that the US army was in political need of the image of Kim Il Sung being nothing but a fake figure. This image, and the intentions surrounding its creation, clearly demonstrates a Cold War mentality, and we can see that US had to maintain that image because of its own political and economical interests.
Many American social scientists, especially the behavioral scientists, contributed to the US army’s creation of a “Cold War Enemy.” These people served as consultants for the US army and played an instrumental role in applying psychological warfare tactics based on behavioral science developed from World War II to the Korean War that in turn provided the American community of social scientists with the very first opportunity to study communist society firsthand. American social scientists studied North Korean society through the Sovietization theory, and created images of NK based on that theory.
The Korean War is mostly remembered for its ideological warfare. As the war progressed, the inherent ideological and international nature of the war became more and more apparent, and in the end ideological propaganda became a more important issue than any other thing, even the outcome of the actual war. The Korean War served as a battlefield international in scale and required that combatants play psychological warfare for their survival. This led to the enforcement of anti-communist sentimentality within Korean society, and this hatched numerous political images.
목차
Preface
The Characteristics of U.S. Army Leaflets?Types and Contents
The Characteristics of NKPA and CPVA Leaflets?Types and Contents
Leaflets, War of Images, Ideologies
Concluding Remarks
References
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