조선시대의 法典과 官撰史料에 수록된 臣民의 상달문서 중 국왕이 판부하는 문서로는 啓本, 啓目, 狀啓, 單子, 別單, 上言, 擊錚原情, 呈辭, 上疏, 箚子, 草記, 啓辭, 書啓 등 총 13종이 있었다. 臣民의 상달문서에 대한 국왕의 판부는 상달문서에 啓字印을 찍어 처결하는 판부와 啓字印을 찍지 않고 글로만 답변하는 판부로 크게 나눌 수 있었다. 전자는 啓字判付로, 주로 啓本, 啓目, 狀啓, 單子, 別單, 上言, 擊錚原情에 활용되었 고, 후자는 批答判付로, 주로 上疏, 箚子, 草記, 啓辭, 書啓에 활용되었으며, 呈辭의 경우에는 啓字判付와 批答判付가 둘 다 활용되었다. 啓字判付는 신민의 상달문서 말미 여백에 啓字印을 찍는 판부로, 국왕의 처결 내용을 적을 때 서두에 어떤 글자를 적느냐에 따라 奉敎判付, 啓判付, 落點判付로 나뉘었다. 奉敎判付는 좁은 의미의 판부 서두에 ‘奉敎’ 2자를 적는 판부로, 單子와 照律啓目에 활용되었다. 啓判付는 좁은 의미의 판부 서두에 ‘啓’ 자를 적는 판부로, 啓本, 啓目, 狀啓, 單子, 別單, 上言, 擊錚原情, 呈辭 등에 활용되었다. 落點判付는 좁은 의미의 판부 서두에 ‘落點’ 2자를 적는 판부로, 주로 單子에 활용되었다. 批答判付는 신민의 상달문서에 啓字印을 찍지 않고 국왕의 비답을 적어서 내려주는 판부로, 비답을 어디에 적느냐에 따라서 別紙批答과 餘紙批答으로 나뉘었다. 別紙批答은 신하의 상달문서에 대한 국왕의 비답을 상달문서의 말미 여백이 아닌 별도의 종이에 적어서 내려주는 것으로, 上疏, 箚子, 呈辭에 활용되었다. 餘紙 批答이란 상달문서의 말미 여백에 啓字印을 찍지 않고 국왕의 비답을 적어서 내려주는 것으로, 草記, 啓辭, 書啓에 활용되었다. 啓字判付를 하는 것이 원칙인 상달문서의 경우에는 반드시 啓字印을 찍기 때문에 啓字判付 대신에 批答判付를 활용할 수 없었다. 다만 呈辭는 啓字判付를 활용하되, 관원의 질병 때문에 휴가를 청하거나 교체해 주기를 청하는 내용으로 올리는 身病呈辭, 鍼灸呈辭, 沐浴呈辭 등에 대해서는 批答判付를 하기도 하였다. 반면에 批答判付를 하는 것이 원칙인 상달문서의 경우에는 批答判付 대신에 啓字判付를 활용할 수도 있었다. 上疏와 箚子에서 청한 대로 辭職을 허락하거나 해당 관사에 내려주어 回啓할 필요가 있을 때, 草記⋅啓辭⋅書啓를 해당 관사에 내려주어 回啓할 필요가 있을 때에는 啓字判付를 하였던 것이다.
Among the documents presented by the people to the king included in the law code and official documents in Joseon dynasty, there were 13 types of them where the king issued his approval, the panbu: gyebon, gyemok, janggye, danja, byeoldan, sangeon, gyeokjaeng wonjeong, jeongsa, sangso, chaja, chogi, gyesa, and seogye. The king’s approval on these documents were given largely in two ways: stamping the seal with the letter ‘gye’ on it or giving an answer with a written letter without placing a seal. The former method was known as gyeja panbu, which was mostly used in gyebon, gyemok, janggye, danja, byeoldan, sangeon, and gyeokjaeng wonjeong, while the latter was known as bidap panbu, which was mostly used in chaja, chogi, gyesa, and seogye. In case of jeongsa, both methods were in use. Gyeja panbu was an approval method in which the king placed the seal on the blank space at the end of the document. This was again divided into bonggyo panbu, gye panbu, and nakjeom panbu according to what letter was written at the beginning of the king’s judgment. In bonggyo panbu, word ‘bonggyo’ was written at the opening of the king’s remark, and it was used in danja and joyul gyemok. In gye panbu, the letter ‘gye’ was written at the opening of the king’s remark, and it was used in gyebon, gyemok, janggye, danja, byeoldan, sangeon, gyeokjaeng wonjeong, and jeongsa. In nakjeom panbu, word ‘nakjeom’ was written at the opening of the king’s remark, and it was mostly used in danja. Bidap panbu was an approval method in which the king’s answer was given in a written letter, bidap, instead of using the stamp. This was divided into byeolji bidap and yeoji bidap depending on where the bidap was written. In byeolji bidap, a written answer to the minister’s document was given in a separate paper, and it was used in such documents as sangso, chaja, and jeongsa. In yeoji bidap, a written answer was given on the blank space at the end of the document, and it was used in such documents as chogi, gyesa, and seogye. In a document where gyeja panbu was a rule, bidap panbu was not allowed in place of gyeja panbu. In case of jeongsa, however, although gyeja panbu was mostly used, those documents with specific requests asking for a sick leave or replacement including sinbyeong jeongsa, chimgu jeongsa, and mogyok jeongsa were given bidap panbu at times. On the other hand, even in a document where bidap panbu was a rule, gyeja panbu was allowed instead of bidap panbu. Forinstance, when a permission was issued to a resignation request asked in sangso and chaja or when these documents were sent down to a relevant government office asking for its opinion-chogi, gyesa, and seogye alike-gyeja panbu was also in use.