본고는 先秦時代 중국사상사에 일맥상통하게 흐르는 주된 통치기제가 ‘책임성’임을 밝히는데 그 목적이 있다. 기존 연구 성과들처럼 선진시대의 사상사를 殷代-西周時代-春秋時代-戰國時代로 나누어 그 역사적 상황 속에서 발생한 이념을 중심으로 연구를 진행하다보면, 각 시대를 관통하는 핵심요소들을 놓치는 과오를 저지르게 된다. 그리하여 殷代의 神政체제, 周代의 天命思想, 春秋時代의 도덕성 확립, 戰國時代의 강력한 法制 등 시대의 사상적 특징을 이념 중심으로 나열하는 안일함에 빠지게 된다. 그러나 선진시대의 사상사를 ‘책임성’이라는 프리즘을 통하여 고찰하게 되면, 기존 연구들에서 간과했던 요소들을 재발견할 수 있다. 殷代의 神政체제 하에서 최초로 책임성이 배태된 상황, 周代 天命의 상대화와 책임의식 결부를 통해 새로운 통치기획을 세웠던 주왕조의 파격적인 시도, 춘추 초기의 혼란을 수습하기 위해 제환공과 관중에 의해 기획된 초안정시스템인 覇제도, 사회결속과 화합을 이룩할 수 있는 가능성을 각 개인에게 찾고자 했던 공자의 시도, 침략전쟁을 통한 부국강병에서 벗어나 공공복리의 실현을 주장했던 묵자의 노력, 법의 순수한 본질인 大公無私性을 통하여 사회재편성을 시도했던 상앙의 법제 등을 발견할 수 있다.
The purpose of this study is to investigate that the main ruling mechanism which was found in Chinese thought of the Before Qin Dynasty was "Responsibility".
Until now, existing studies divided that age into Eun[殷] Dynasty, Ju[周] Dynasty, and the Warring states period[春秋戰國時代] and studied ancient Chinese thought in the context of history. But if we continue to study according to this pattern, we make mistakes of missing the core factors. So we can fix their characteristics such as Eun[殷] Dynasty is under theocrazi, Ju[周] Dynasty is under Heaven's will, and the Warring states period[春秋戰國時代] is under promotion of morality and powerful legislation to recover the stability in society. But if we investigate the thought of the Before Qin Dynasty through prism of responsibility, we can rediscover overlooking factors in existing studies.
So in this study, I captured an aspect of responsibility which was born in Eun[殷] Dynasty under theocrazi and tried to investigate about that.
Also, in Ju[周] Dynasty ruling system, I found their innovative politics plan. The leader of Ju[周] Dynasty captured skeptical view about eternity of Heaven's will and leader's responsibility in the end of Eun[殷] Dynasty and accepted them very actively. Their trial like this was unheard of plan and established a new direction in ancient Chinese politics.
After Ju[周] Dynasty's ruling order was collapsed, lots of confusions were resulted in. At last the king of Je[齊], Huangong[桓公], suggested Hegemony[覇道] to recover stability in society. So in this study, I tried to investigate that Hegemony was planning politics system by expression of leader's responsibility, not dogmatic military power. Through this process, I could find the serious meaning and role of Hegemony which was run by the king of Je[齊], Huangong[桓公].
Confucius[孔子] expanded responsibility from partial leaders to each person. So in this study, I tried to investigate the aspect of responsibility in the Warring states period[春秋戰國時代]. And then I found that the unity of society could be achieved on the basis of each person's responsibility.
After Confucius' death, lots of fights broke into for survival and domination in the Warring states period[春秋戰國時代]. Mozi[墨子] thought that Confucianists lost their will and ability for the Confucius' Benevolence[仁] realization. Because they were indulged into excessive etiquette, music, and ceremony, they lost the essence of Confucius' thought. So in this study, I tried to focus on Mozi[墨子]'s innovative system and found that he suggested the realization of public welfare as a solution to recover stability in society.
In the end of the Warring states period[春秋戰國時代], unshakable legislations by tyranny of leader and abuse of power were asked. So in this study, I investigated about legislation of Shang Yang, school of law[法家]. And then I found out that his legislation was very different from Han Fei Tzu[韓非子]'s. Shang Yang's legislation is powerful, reasonable, fair, and it had a great achievement about enforcement of fair law at the first time in ancient China.