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학술연구/단체지원/교육 등 연구자 활동을 지속하도록 DBpia가 지원하고 있어요.
커뮤니티
연구자들이 자신의 연구와 전문성을 널리 알리고, 새로운 협력의 기회를 만들 수 있는 네트워킹 공간이에요.
논문 기본 정보
- 자료유형
- 학술저널
- 저자정보
- 저널정보
- 동양사학회 동양사학연구 東洋史學硏究 第157輯
- 발행연도
- 2021.12
- 수록면
- 121 - 190 (70page)
- DOI
- 10.17856/jahs.2021.12.157.121
이용수
초록· 키워드
오류제보하기
As a nomadic monarch, Timur used to regularly migrate seasonally when he lived in their hometown, Māwarā’ al-Nahr. However, there was a similar movement during the war. Especially during a long term expedition, Timur"s main force and their Aqrūq, which consisted of their families, guardians, and many loads, had their own seasonal migration pattern.
When Timur made a long-term expedition to Iran, they brought most of his Aqrūq near to the battleground, and relocated them to safer places. Aqrūq kept their seasonal migration as they were in Māwarā’ al-Nahr, which is the same as the main troop of Timur because of the climate of Azerbaijan and the surrounding place, and the necessity of growing and caring of livestock. However, in case of the main troop, it was too difficult to regularly migrate seasonally. Thus, when there was some resting time during the war, Aqrūq joined the main force and spent time wintering (Qishlāq) or summering (Yaylāq). During those days, Timur replaced the troops that already had battled many times and provided provisions, rewards and punishments, hunting, and fed horses and livestock. Moreover, Timur set a new aim for the next battle, developed a plan to fight with new enemies, and replaced their troops during the summer and winter. Thus, he tried to lead in war effectively as possible.
During those expeditions, officials of Divan a"la, which is the central governmental office of Timurid, engaged in main tasks such as collecting taxes, constructing religion buildings, and monitoring the local officials of the western part of the Timurid such as Azerbaijan, the two Iraqs, and further west. In the meantime, officials of the provincial Divans of the eastern part of Timurid such as Khurasan, and Māwarā’ al-Nahr independently engaged in the main tasks of their provinces. The main reason is that the eastern part surrendered faster than the western part. Thus, the former surrendered more properly but the latter still revolted sometimes until the end of Timur"s regime. However, it might be also a problem that provincial officials in the eastern part could abuse their power. In this case, Dārūghas, who were in the Chagatai Amir, Mongol-Turkic military ruling class of Timurid, were sent by Timur to each city. Dārūghas kept their eyes on the provincial officials who were in the Persian civil class. Especially, Dārūghas of the eastern part were usually powerful Amirs in the Timurid"s court. However, they used to participate in several tasks at the same time because of the lack of ruling class members that Timur could trust. Thus, Dārūghas could not concentrate on their city tasks.
In addition, there were several local officials under the provincial Divans that engaged in the practical affairs of each city: Muḥtasib and Kālantar (Ra‘is) from the east to west. They engaged in various kinds of tasks while Divan officials usually concentrated on tax collections. They were chosen by Timur, but they were local people. Thus, they did not have any rights to implement their policies. Consequently, Timur helped the local officials with a military force while they carried out administrative affairs or provided feedback on public opinions collected by the local officials.
When Timur made a long-term expedition to Iran, they brought most of his Aqrūq near to the battleground, and relocated them to safer places. Aqrūq kept their seasonal migration as they were in Māwarā’ al-Nahr, which is the same as the main troop of Timur because of the climate of Azerbaijan and the surrounding place, and the necessity of growing and caring of livestock. However, in case of the main troop, it was too difficult to regularly migrate seasonally. Thus, when there was some resting time during the war, Aqrūq joined the main force and spent time wintering (Qishlāq) or summering (Yaylāq). During those days, Timur replaced the troops that already had battled many times and provided provisions, rewards and punishments, hunting, and fed horses and livestock. Moreover, Timur set a new aim for the next battle, developed a plan to fight with new enemies, and replaced their troops during the summer and winter. Thus, he tried to lead in war effectively as possible.
During those expeditions, officials of Divan a"la, which is the central governmental office of Timurid, engaged in main tasks such as collecting taxes, constructing religion buildings, and monitoring the local officials of the western part of the Timurid such as Azerbaijan, the two Iraqs, and further west. In the meantime, officials of the provincial Divans of the eastern part of Timurid such as Khurasan, and Māwarā’ al-Nahr independently engaged in the main tasks of their provinces. The main reason is that the eastern part surrendered faster than the western part. Thus, the former surrendered more properly but the latter still revolted sometimes until the end of Timur"s regime. However, it might be also a problem that provincial officials in the eastern part could abuse their power. In this case, Dārūghas, who were in the Chagatai Amir, Mongol-Turkic military ruling class of Timurid, were sent by Timur to each city. Dārūghas kept their eyes on the provincial officials who were in the Persian civil class. Especially, Dārūghas of the eastern part were usually powerful Amirs in the Timurid"s court. However, they used to participate in several tasks at the same time because of the lack of ruling class members that Timur could trust. Thus, Dārūghas could not concentrate on their city tasks.
In addition, there were several local officials under the provincial Divans that engaged in the practical affairs of each city: Muḥtasib and Kālantar (Ra‘is) from the east to west. They engaged in various kinds of tasks while Divan officials usually concentrated on tax collections. They were chosen by Timur, but they were local people. Thus, they did not have any rights to implement their policies. Consequently, Timur helped the local officials with a military force while they carried out administrative affairs or provided feedback on public opinions collected by the local officials.
목차
서론
1. 장기 원정 시의 계절이동
2. 戰時의 後方 도시 지배
결론
참고문헌
Abstract
참고문헌 (39)
참고문헌 신청
太祖高皇帝實錄
라시드 앗 딘 / 2002 / 부족지 / 사계절
Abrū, Ḥāfiz / 2001 / Sayyid Kamāl Ḥajj Sayyid Jawādī / Sāzman-i chāp wa Intisharāt-i Wizarāt-i Farhang wa Irshād-i Islami
Abrü, Häfiz / 1934 / Continuation du Zafarnâma de Nizâmuddïn Sàmï par Häfiz-i Abrü / Archiv Orwntální
Ibn 'Arab-shāh / 1977 / Zindaghānī-yi Shighift-āvar-i Tīmūr / B. T. N. K
라시드 앗 딘 / 2002 / 부족지 / 사계절
Abrū, Ḥāfiz / 2001 / Sayyid Kamāl Ḥajj Sayyid Jawādī / Sāzman-i chāp wa Intisharāt-i Wizarāt-i Farhang wa Irshād-i Islami
Abrü, Häfiz / 1934 / Continuation du Zafarnâma de Nizâmuddïn Sàmï par Häfiz-i Abrü / Archiv Orwntální
Ibn 'Arab-shāh / 1977 / Zindaghānī-yi Shighift-āvar-i Tīmūr / B. T. N. K
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