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Background: Cell-scaffold based therapies have the potential to offer an efficient osseous regenerative treatment and PCL has been commonly used as a scaffold, however its effectiveness is limited by poor cellular retention properties. This may be improved through a porous scaffold structure with efficient pore arrangement to increase cell entrapment. To facilitate this, melt electrowriting (MEW) has been developed as a technique able to fabricate cell-supporting scaffolds with precise micro pore sizes via predictable fibre deposition. The effect of the scaffold’s architecture on cellular gene expression however has not been fully elucidated. Methods: The design and fabrication of three different uniform pore structures (250, 500 and 750 μm), as well as two offset scaffolds with different layout of fibres (30 and 50%) and one complex scaffold with three gradient pore sizes of 250–500 - 750 μm, was performed by using MEW. Calcium phosphate modification was applied to enhance the PCL scaffold hydrophilicity and bone inductivity prior to seeding with osteoblasts which were then maintained in culture for up to 30 days. Over this time, osteoblast cell morphology, matrix mineralisation, osteogenic gene expression and collagen production were assessed. Results: The in vitro findings revealed that the gradient scaffold significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity in the attached osteoblasts while matrix mineralization was higher in the 50% offset scaffolds. The expression of osteocalcin and osteopontin genes were also upregulated compared to other osteogenic genes following 30 days culture, particularly in offset and gradient scaffold structures. Immunostaining showed significant expression of osteocalcin in offset and gradient scaffold structures. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the heterogenous pore sizes in gradient and fibre offset PCL scaffolds prepared using MEW significantly improved the osteogenic potential of osteoblasts and hence may provide superior outcomes in bone regeneration applications.
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참고문헌 (56)
참고문헌 신청
Saeid Kargozar / 2019 / Bone Tissue Engineering Using Human Cells: A Comprehensive Review on Recent Trends, Current Prospects, and Recommendations / Applied Sciences 9(1):174
U. Kneser / 2006 / Tissue engineering of bone: the reconstructive surgeon's point of view / Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 10(1):7~19
Abdalla Abdal-hay / 2017 / Fabrication of highly porous biodegradable biomimetic nanocomposite as advanced bone tissue scaffold / Arabian Journal of Chemistry 10(2):240~252
Zhi-Yong Zhang / 2009 / A biaxial rotating bioreactor for the culture of fetal mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering / Biomaterials 30(14):2694~2704
Marwa Tallawi / 2015 / Strategies for the chemical and biological functionalization of scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering: a review / Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12(108):20150254
U. Kneser / 2006 / Tissue engineering of bone: the reconstructive surgeon's point of view / Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine 10(1):7~19
Abdalla Abdal-hay / 2017 / Fabrication of highly porous biodegradable biomimetic nanocomposite as advanced bone tissue scaffold / Arabian Journal of Chemistry 10(2):240~252
Zhi-Yong Zhang / 2009 / A biaxial rotating bioreactor for the culture of fetal mesenchymal stem cells for bone tissue engineering / Biomaterials 30(14):2694~2704
Marwa Tallawi / 2015 / Strategies for the chemical and biological functionalization of scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering: a review / Journal of The Royal Society Interface 12(108):20150254
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